Essay on the relationship between motherhood and fatherhood

Fatherhood & Motherhood: In our society it is a common view that mothers take care of their babies. As soon as the baby is born, mother does all the work of her baby.

Mother lives indoor and she has to do the entire household as well as baby's work. On the other hand father has to go outdoors. He has to do a job so as to take care of his family, his wife and kids. He works hard for the whole day and gets back home in the evening.

So he has a little time to spend with his children, although he loves his children as much as the mother does. Mother takes care of her children the whole day. When father comes home, he is tired, but he gives all his love to his children. He loves to play with them. For entertainment he takes them for outing.

He tries to give as much time to his kids as possible. Mother gives more time to her children as compared to the father. So, children are more attached with their mother. Children love their father too but whenever they have any problem, they go to their mother for help.

They know that she is the one who can solve problems. Father does the same in another way. He takes out time for his children from the busy schedule. Although when he is not at home, he is working for the benefit of his children. So in the end we come up with an idea that mother as well as father does a lot for their child. So motherhood as well as fatherhood must be praised and emphasised.

Biography of Glenn Maxwell (Cricket Player)

Glenn James Maxwell (born 14 October 1988) is an Australian cricketer, who plays for Victoria in Sheffield Shield, limited overs and Twenty20 matches. He also plays for the Fitzroy Doncaster club in Melbourne. He is an all-rounder, bowling right-arm off spin and batting with an average of over 30 for Victoria in interstate one day cricket. In 2011, he set the record for the fastest ever half-century in Australian interstate one day cricket, reaching 50 runs off 19 balls. He has also played for Australia in the Hong Kong International Cricket Sixes. He represented Etihad Stadium-based Melbourne Renegades in the inaugural Big Bash League (2011–12 season). In May 2012, Hampshire announced to sign him for their campaign in Friends Life T20 2012 season. In February 2013, Indian Premier League team Mumbai Indians bought him for 1 million US dollars and in March he made his Test debut against India in the second Test at Hyderabad. He is the 2nd cousin to Collingwood player Nick Maxwell.

Maxwell was born in Kew, Victoria, which is a suburb of Melbourne, and played his junior cricket for South Belgrave CC.Maxwell made his debut for Australia against Afghanistan in a One Day International in theUnited Arab Emirates in 2012. In his 2nd ODI, against Pakistan, he hit an unbeaten 56 and a six to seal a victory for Australia. He was then selected in Australia's squad for the 2012 ICC World Twenty20. Maxwell was then selected in a 13-man squad for the 2013 Sydney Test match against Sri Lanka as a replacement for Shane Watson who injured his calf. On 10 January 2013, on his ODI debut against Sri Lanka, he was involved in two run outs off consecutive balls. He had a wicketless series against Sri Lanka, and also failed to reach double figures in the 3 innings with the bat.

On 1 February, he scored 51* (from 35 balls) as an opener as Australia chased down the target of 71 set by the West Indies. On 3 February in the 2nd ODI against West Indies atPerth, he scored a duck, but then took 4/63 with the ball to support Mitchell Starc (5/32) and bowl out the visitors for 212 in 38.1 overs.

On March 2013, he made his Test debut against India in the second Test at Hyderabad.He was included as the second spinner in the team supporting the main spinner Xavier Doherty.

Maxwell's teammates gave him the nickname "The Big Show" due to his confidence.Maxwell now dislikes the nickname and is trying to replace it with the nickname "Maxy"

Maxwell proved to be the most expensive player sold at the 2013 IPL Auctions, where Mumbai Indians bought him for 1 million US dollars. But he was out of the Mumbai Indians retention team 2014 as per IPL 2014 retainment rules, and was subsequently bought by Kings XI Punjab. In his team's opening match against Chennai Super Kings, he played an excellent innings by scoring 95 runs from 43 balls (with 15 fours and two sixes) to chase down a target of 206 in 18.5 overs which is an exact replica of the innings against Pakistan in Bangladesh in 2014. In the second match of his team played against Rajasthan Royals, he hit a flawless 89 of 45 balls with eight fours and six sixes, which comprised of frequent reverse shots. This knock of his laid the foundation for Kings XI Punjab win against a high score target. In third match maxwell played stupendous innings against Sunrisers Hyderabad.He smashed with 95 runs from 43 balls with 9 sixes and 5 fours and has been awarded with Man of the Match award third time in a row, which is a rare record in IPL track record.

Essay on Piracy and anti-piracy

Piracy is a war-like act committed by private parties not affiliated with any government, especially by engaging in acts of robbery and/or criminal violence at sea. Although, the term can include acts committed in other major bodies of water or on a shore, it does not normally include crimes committed against persons travelling on the same vessel as the perpetrator. The term has also been used to refer to raids across land borders by non-state agents. Piracy differs from privateering, which was a legitimate form of war-like activity by non-state actors, authorized by their national authorities, until this form of commerce raiding was outlawed in the 19th century.

The acts of Piracy have risen in last few years, especially off the Somali coast. It has been a threat to international shipping and many international organizations, including the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the World Food Programme (WFP), have expressed concern. Piracy has not only resulted in an increase in shipping costs, but it has also impeded the delivery of food aid shipments. Ninety percent of the WFP's shipments arrive by sea, and ships have required a military escort.

A UN report suggests that piracy off the coast of Somalia is caused by illegal fishing and the dumping of toxic waste in Somali waters by foreign vessels. These practices have severely constrained the ability of local fishermen to earn a living and have, thus, forced many to turn to pirating instead. This view has been supported by the UK's Department for International Development (DFID) report of 2005 which states that, between 2003-2004, Somalia lost about $100 million in revenue due to illegal tuna and shrimp fishing in the country's exclusive economic zone by foreign trawlers.

In June 2010, allegations also arose suggesting that the European Union's operations in the waters of the Horn of Africa are actually a 'hidden mission' designed to protect European vessels that have been accused by both Somali seamen and international organizations of illegal fishing and toxic waste dumping.

Somali pirates have attacked dozens of vessels, but not all of them have resulted in a successful hijacking. In 2008, there were 111 attacks which included 42 successful hijackings. The rate of attacks increased in 2009 with the pirated increasing their range from the previously Gulf of Aden to as far south as off the coast of Kenya in the Indian Ocean. The change of range may be probably due to the establishment of a Maritime Security Patrol Area (MSPA) within the Gulf of Aden by Combined Task Force 150, a multinational coalition task force which took on the role of fighting Somali piracy in August 2008.

In India too, the increasing threat posed by piracy caused significant concerns since most of its shipping trade routes pass through the Gulf of Aden. The Indian Navy deployed a warship in the region on 23 October 2008. In response to the increased activity of the INS Tabar, India augmented its naval force in the Gulf of Aden by deploying the larger INS Mysore to patrol the area. At India's request, the government of Somalia added India to its list of states, including the US and France, who are permitted to enter its territorial waters, extending up to 12 nautical miles (22 km or 14 mi) from the coastline, in an effort to check piracy.

Russia and China have also joined international efforts to combat piracy. Russia chose to send more warships to combat piracy near Somalia, following the International Maritime Bureau terming the menace as having gone 'out of control'. In December 2008, China dispatched three warships—Haikou (171), Wuhan (169) and the supply ship Weishanhu—to the Gulf of Aden. A team of 16 Chinese Special Forces members from its Marine Corps armed with attack helicopters were on board. Since then, China has maintained a three-ship flotilla of two warships and one supply ship in the Gulf of Aden by assigning ships from the South Sea Fleet and/or East Sea Fleet to the Gulf of Aden on a three monthly basis.

It can be said that the military response to pirate attacks has brought about a rare show of unity by countries that are either openly hostile to each other, or at least wary of cooperation, military or otherwise. European naval vessels have operated against piracy either independently, or as part of CTF-150. Countries of the CTF-150 share information during the monthly Shared Awareness and Deconfliction (SHADE) meetings, a mechanism established in December 2008. As a result of increased piracy, the European Union (EU) has established Operation Atalanta, to co-ordinate the European naval response to piracy and to maintain international law in international waters in the region.

In 2009, Norway sent the frigate HNoMS Fridtjof Nansen (F310) to the coast of Somalia to fight piracy which joined EU's international naval force in August. Similarly, Australia pledged its support, re­directing Australian Warship, HMAS Warramunga (FFH 152) from duties in the Persian Gulf to assist in the fighting of Piracy. The South Korean navy sent the Chungmugong Yi Sun-sin class destroyer DDH 976 Munmu the Great to the coast of Somalia. The Cheonghae Unit task force was also deployed in Somalia under CTF 151. Bulgaria too joined the anti-piracy operations in the Gulf of Aden by sending a frigate with a crew of 130 sailors.

In a highly unusual move, even Japan sent a naval task force to join international efforts to stop piracy of the coast of Somalia. The deployment was highly unusual, as Japan's non-aggressive Constitution specifies Japanese military forces can only be used for defensive purposes. The Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) sent a fact-finding mission led by Gen Nakatani to the region prior to the deployment of the Murasame-class destroyer JDS DD-106 Samidare and the Takanami-c\ass destroyer JDS DD-113 Sazanami to the coast of Somalia. In their first mission, the Takanami-class destroyer JDS DD- 113 Sazanami was able to ward off pirates attempting to hijack a Singaporean cargo ship.

A maritime conference held in Mombasa discussed the rising concern of regional piracy with a view to give recommendations to regional and world governments to deal with the menace. The International Transport Workers Federation (ITWF) organized the regional African maritime unions' conference, the first of its kind in Africa. The regional Puntland government in northeastern Somalia has also committed itself to eradicating piracy, and begun construction on a naval base to facilitate the task. The US Government has changed its rules so that it is now 'best practice' for vessels to embark a team of private security guards. This has given birth to a new breed of private security companies such as Argos International, which provide training and protection for crew members and cargo.

In November 2008, the International Association of Independent Tanker Owners, a group of ship-owners representing 75 per cent of the world's independent tanker fleet, called on the United Nations to co­ordinate anti-piracy patrols, and suggested the possibility of a naval blockade of Somalia and monitoring all vessels leaving the country's coastline. It has also suggested that all home ports of Somali pirates be blockaded, or that ground forces be inserted in Somalia itself to destroy pirate bases. On 17 December 2008, the UN Security Council unanimously adopted a resolution allowing for the first time international land and sea occupations in the pursuit of pirates.

A Russian drafted resolution, Security Council Resolution 1918, adopted on 27 April 2010, called on all states to criminalize piracy and suggested the possibility of establishing a regional or international tribunal to prosecute suspected pirates.

Essay on the consequences of the Bhakti Movement

Medieval Bhakti Movement led to significant results. At a time when religious ideas tended to become dry, lifeless and static, rituals and ceremonies took the place of spiritual enlightenment, the teachings and personality of the saints galvanised the inert masses. First, the Bhakti Movement was a wide- spread movement and it covered the entire country. The main objective of Bhakti thinkers was to reform Hindu religion. It virtually created a revolution in Hindu society. Secondly, this movement broke the barriers of casteism. People began to realise that all are equal before God.

Thirdly, the Bhakti Movement tried to achieve two practical objects. The one that it tried to reform Hinduism by discarding image worship and the caste system. The other objective was to promote a feeling of brotherhood among Hindus and Muslims.

Fourthly, the preachers of the Bhakti Cult attempted to bridge the gulf between Hinduism and Islam. Fifthly, the Bhakti preachers restored the loyalty of low class Hindus to their religion by preaching equality of all men. Their strong protest against Brahmini calorthodoxy led to a major reform in Hindu society. The simple idea of the Bhakti Movement that God is kind to all devotees destroyed the basis of orthodox Hinduism.

Sixthly, the Bhakti Movement promoted tolerance and synthesis between Hinduism and Islam. Instead entering into conflict, with each other they tried to understand the philosophy of their respective religions, their ceremonies, and tried to ensure harmony. A new cult known as the Cult of Satya Pir appeared under the initiative of king Husain Shah of Jaunpur, and both sects started worshipping it and this paved the way for the liberal ideas of Akbar, the great Mughal emperor.

Seventhly, the Bhakti Movement made a great impact on vernacular literature and language. The Bhakti preachers used to preach in the language of ordinary people. So everywhere local languages began to develop. New devotional books were written in local languages, Kabir, Nanak in Hindi and Gurumukeri respectively, Sri Chaitanya in Bengali, thereby local languages were enriched. In Bengali the Chaitanya biographies like Chaitanya Charita Mrita, Chaitanya Bhagabata are very important works. Many Muslims writers translated Sanskrit works into regional languages like Marathi, Maithali and Braja Bhasi. One of the famous contributions of Bhakti movement during the medieval period in Orissa was the literature produced by the Pancha Sakhas.

The five associates i.e. Achyuta, Balarama, Jagannath, Yasobanta and Ananta created this new Oriya literature by absorbing the influence of medieval Vaishnavism and Bhakti Movement. Finally, Bhakti Movement by laying stress on the moral values of life not only improved the general character of the society as a whole but also changed Muslim rule in to a national Government under Akbar the Great.

Essay on Make Hay While the Sun Shines

Nature has a holy plan, said William Wordsworth. Night follows the day; and winter follows autumn. When spring comes it will be pleasant everywhere, nature putting on a new garb; trees blooming swarms of bees and butterflies hopping from flower to flower and collecting the nectar. When once the spring goes, and winter comes, there cannot be this riot of colors and the joy of beauty, certainly not for months to come. If the bee misses this spring and fails to collect the nectar, its larder should remain empty.

So, we must make hay wile the sun shines. When the sky is overcast with clouds or when there is heavy downpour, we cannot make hay. We can make it only when there is sunshine.

We can strike only when the iron is hot. When the iron becomes cold, there is no use of striking it, however hard it may be. So, we must do things only at the right time. If once we postpone, only regrets will remain. Procrastination is the thief of the time. We feel complacent and postpone things. We keep the motto 'Do it now' on the table before us; but we don't 'do it now. A little delay does not matter, we tell ourselves and Postpone. Finally it becomes our trait and we fail miserably in life.

As students we cannot pass well in our examination, as freshers we fail to secure proper placements, as adults, we lag behind in the race and finally when we grow old and weak, there will be nothing that we will be able to do then. We might wish for another lease of life, but that is called day dreaming. Therefore what is needed is to understand the holy plan of nature, comprehend the rhythm with which time moves, and adjust our actions and activities accordingly.

Only Mohammad should go to the mountain; the mountain will never come to him. Often we don't realize this and as a result, if things go wrong, we blame our fate or God. But that does not serve any purpose. For, God helps those who help themselves. Birds and animals understand this principle much better than man. Bees collect honey and store it in their hives for the lean months; birds which cannot put up with the devastating cold conditions migrate to warm sunny regions long before the cold sets in.

Even creatures like frogs migrate to better water homes before the hot summer winds dry up their little water pools. Only man, perhaps, because of his superior intelligence, does give much thought to this problem, thinks that he can meet any contingency that may arise and postpones things and wants to make hay in winter. It is true he has enough technology to make hay even at dead of night or while it is pouring down outside.

But the extra maneuverability should give him extra sense of confidence to do it better and certainly not to give him in to procrastination. There are many things like disease and natural calamities that need immediate attention. When finally old age seizes and we become invalid there could be nothing but misery and regrets awaiting us. There would be none to save you then, so, pray to God from now on, said the sage Sankara.

Essay on Bribery

Bribery can be defined as consideration given for obtaining favourable decisions. Efficacy of bribery is rooted in the well-entrenched motive of self-interest in human beings. Since bribes cater to the self-interest of people, they have become a generally accepted means of getting things done. Bribery is a short-cut resorted to by the needy people who are likely to be at a comparative disadvantage if the decision is delayed. Increasing resort to bribes in ail walks of life is due to the growing belief among general public that every man has a price, that is to say he can be made to deliver a favourable decision if he is paid the price for it. 

Many people still attach a stigma to the practice of bribery without realising that they often unwittingly practice it themselves. A child is promised a toy in return for good performance in his studies. Gods are offered bribes in return for compliance with the wishes of the devotee. Many unscrupulous and rich people build temples for gods to win their favour. Whatever may be the publicly pronounced motives for such undertakings, strong motive for winning favour from gods cannot be denied in most cases. 

The appeal of bribery is directly proportional to the desire for money both on the part of giver and the recipient. Although money is sometimes called a means to an end that is life, it has been increasingly perceived as an end in itself by a very large part of humanity. Money can buy not only the necessities of life like house, food and clothes; it can buy comforts and luxuries too.

There is almost no limit to the refinement of clothes, variety of food and magnificence of dwelling houses which money can procure for the wealthy. Money is now almost universally accepted criterion for social status. The topmost politicians and the civil servants don't fight shy of being seen in the company of the ill educated and the dishonest businessmen and industrialists. 

Bribery among the government employees is the most talked about form of corruption as it affects a very large number of citizens. It is much more resented in a democratic regime where bureaucrats are seen as servants of the people rather than as rulers. Citizens have to bribe the peons of civil servants to get admission to their chambers. There is nothing odd therefore, in their presumption that they would be able to get their work done by offering bribe to the civil servant. In many cases, the civil servant gets offers of bribe for doing the legitimate work. Since he does not violate the rules for doing the work, he gladly accepts the bribe. With income from bribes, a civil servant can maintain a higher standard of living. Once he gets used to lavish life-style, expecting and accepting bribes becomes a compulsion with him and no longer remains a matter of discretion. He will therefore seek to retain position or acquire postings where opportunities for making money by the misuse of his position are more frequent. 

Some people may think that people taking bribe may be living in anxiety or suffering from an uneasy conscience. Such a supposition fails to take into account the pervasive impact of the institution of bribery in our society. Luxurious life-style of tax- officials, businessmen and industrialists is sustained by an almost predictable receipt of bribes and evasion of taxes. Very few industrialists have ever been jailed for evasion of income tax or excise. Not even 10% corrupt tax officials get punished.

Businessmen consider the corrupt officials more amenable, agreeable and friendly and invest in them gladly to keep them on their side. Both parties benefit at the cost of national exchequer. A relatively honest man is seen as an inconvenience and is avoided by his colleagues as well as clients.
Opportunities for obtaining bribes in an occupation are over-riding consideration for joining that occupation for most of the recruits. Many youngmen prefer the jobs of Inspectors in Customs and Central Excise Department to the well paid jobs of Officers in Nationalised Banks.

A common citizen is surprised to learn that officers of Indian Administrative Service, Indian Police Service and Indian Revenue Service command dowries running into tens of lakhs. It is not on account of the meagre salaries they get but on account of great scope for making money illegitimately through misuse of their official positions. 

Over the years people have got accustomed to getting things done by paying bribes. It has become perfectly normal to bribe the conductor to get a berth in railway- train or to pay speed money for getting a motor licence. Many social and economic classes have emerged and are now almost well-entrenched through their earning by graft. The foreign investors make abundant provision for bribes to concerned officials and Ministers while taking up their projects in India. General acceptance of bribes by officials and authorities make their behaviour fairly predictable. 

If a sudden unexpected change occurs in the response to bribes on on the part of the decision makers and they become allergic to bribes, the business and economy may not absorb this change easily. The prosperity of manipulators may nose-dive, fixers may lose their jobs and the entire work culture in government and private sectors may be transformed. Poor returns on investment in bribery may compel many to wind-up their business. 

Certain departments of government systematically maintain pools of bribe money collected by inspectors from industrialists and businessmen. This money is divided among the officials in a pre-determined ratio. Since both the subordinates and superior officers partake of their share nobody experiences any feeling of guilt in making use of the ill-gotten money. Such a system reinforces the belief of the business community that 'every body has a price' and government officials are purchasable commodities. 

The capacity to extort bribes and augment income is no longer a subject for disapproval. Rather, it excites admiration and envy of the colleagues. Dishonest and rich officials are looked upon with awe and respect by their colleagues, friends and relations. Because of their numerous acquisitions in form of flats, cars and gadgets they enjoy a higher status than what their position in the departmental hierarchy would suggest. They are also, at times, able to help monetarily their friends and relatives which reinforce their greatness in the community. In money making departments, the honest and the conscientious are considered incompetent fools and almost contemptible. They are marginalised and are avoided by the ambitious and the powerful. Nobody would appreciate a poor shabbily dressed man just as we would normally feel contemptuous toward a weakling or an ugly person.

Essay on the role of opposition parties in a democracy in India

In India, there is a parliamentary system of government, according to which the party with the highest majority through a general election is entitled to form the government and its leader becomes the Prime Minister of the country.

The second largest party becomes the opposition party and its leader enjoys the status of the leader of opposition. The ruling party (the government) during its tenure is free to determine the policies and programmes and make decisions for the welfare of the common people.

The opposition parties have a very significant role in a democracy, because they are the representatives of the people to safeguard their interests. Time to time, they criticize the government in case it fails to keep its promises.

The opposition parties also warn the government if they think it necessary. Sometimes they show their protest too against the government. Thus they try to keep the government aware of all the issues so that everything may be on the right path and all round development may be seen in the country.

The most dominant role of the opposition in a democracy is that of a 'watch dog' of the system. In a country where there is a two party system, the opposition party forms a 'shadow cabinet' and remains vigilant over the performance of the government. This is truer when we talk of United Kingdom.

But in a country like India where there is a multi-party system of governance, the very purpose of the opposition is marred. No doubt the opposition parties try to co-operate among themselves over particular issues but most of the time they waste their time in blaming each other instead of playing the role of check and balance to correct democratic practices in the interest of the entire public.

In India there are many parties and the sad truth is that nearly every party is built not around ideology but around the personality of a single leader or a family dynasty. One party hates another and criticizes its activities. As a result they fail to raise such issues that are more relevant to the cause of public. They fail to compel the government to do welfare works. And thus the government very easily overlooks them and conceals the facts related to them.

In a democratic set of a country the Prime Minister has been invested with so many powers that he/she can easily become a dictator. India has already witnessed such an incident when in 1975 the then Prime Minister, Mrs. Indira Gandhi, after the defeat at Allahabad High Court, declared the state of Emergency in India and turned to be a dictator.

It was unconstitutional, still she did it. In such a moment the vote of opposition becomes more prominent, because only a responsible opposition party can spread a mass consciousness against such unconstitutional move of the ruling party. Unfortunately, in our country the opposition parties have completely forgotten their positive contribution and responsibility to the nation.

They never try to extend their support to the ruling party in their welfare measures. Instead they only oppose the government, which is in no way a healthy atmosphere for the progress of the country. All the parties think only for the next election not for the next generation. The opposition must realise their responsibility and work for the country. Only a responsible opposition party can bring success to the ideals of our constitution.

Essay on the Development of the administrative reform commission (India)

It is in times of grave economic crisis that the attention of a nation's leadership turns to administrative reform. After the armed conflict with China in 1962 and the successive years of drought, the economic situation of the country was worsening. Around 1965, India apparently found itself at the nadir of its fortunes.

In 1966, the most comprehensive examination of India's public administration was entrusted to a high-powered Administrative Reforms Commission under the chairmanship of Morarji Desai (later K. Hanumanthaiya). Hitherto, similar commissions were as a rule manned by civil servants.

The ARC made a departure from such a practice as its membership was drawn from public life, which was a distinct feature. The ARC was the single most comprehensive investigation into the country's public administration in independent India. It produced nineteen reports, making a total of 581 recommendations. This was in addition to the reports of the study teams and task forces set up by it.

The most momentous report submitted by the ARC relates to personnel administration. In the report also, its most critical recommendation is about opening the 'road to the top'. The Commission wanted to promote specialisation among civil servants and to make even the "heaven-born" IAS to specialise, thus curtailing its all-purpose character. Selection to the top posts was to be based on the result of a mid-career competitive examination open to all officers. It recommended a scheme of reform which envisaged entry into the middle and senior management levels in the central secretariat from all the services.

Where the regularly constituted services were already in existence to attend to specific functions, the middle and senior level positions in the corresponding areas in the secretariat were normally to be occupied by the members of the concerned functional services. And, in non-functional areas the middle level personnel were to be drawn, through the device of a mid-career competitive examination, from all the sources on the basis of equal opportunity for all.

The selected persons were required to gain specialized knowledge of and experience in one of the following eight areas of specialization at headquarters, the allocation in a particular specialty depending on their qualifications and previous background:

1. Economic Administration

2. Industrial Administration

3. Agricultural and Rural Development

4. Social and Educational Administration

5. Personnel Administration

6. Financial Administration

7. Defence Administration and Internal Security

8. Planning.

This recommendation about specialization was not accepted by the Government. The ARC wanted the generalist India Administrative Service to specialize, but the Government turned down its plea. A unified grading structure was recommended; posts entailing similar qualifications, difficulties, and responsibilities were to be grouped in the same grade. This also was not accepted.

The knowledge and expertise relevant in the various specializations are as follows:

Economic Administration : Currency, banking and financial institutions, international trade, foreign aid and foreign exchange for company affairs, problem relating to incomes, wages and prices.

Industrial Administration: Economic growth, industrial licensing, import of technical know- how and also problems relating to incomes, wages and prices in common with specialism

Agricultural and Rural Development: Rural cooperatives, community development, irrigation, rural electrification, agricultural science, agricultural economics, rural sociology.

Social and Educational Administration: Education, social welfare and family planning, urban development. Labour welfare and industrial relations, factory and labour inspection, information and public relations.

Personnel Administration: Management analysis involving work-study, grading and of posts, organization and methods, selection techniques, training and career management; supervision and control, motivation, morale and staff welfare.

Financial Administration: Cost-benefit analysis, budgeting and expenditure control, pert' budgeting, programme evaluation review technique (PERT), etc.

Defence Administration and Internal Security: Intelligence, concepts of strategy and logistics, weapons systems, systems analysis, defence industry, defence research and develop etc.

Planning: Assessment/projection of demand and resources, models of economic growth, output ratios, inter-sectoral balances, cost-benefit analysis of projects and schemes, program methods, techniques of progress reporting and feed-back, and of evaluation of results, opera research, and systems management.

The implementation of the ARC'S recommendations was weak, colorless and tardy. The Com had given considerable thought to the question of implementation. In a bid to enlist political sup wanted a specially constituted cabinet committee assisted by the cabinet secretary to be in charge of implementation.

A minister was to be co-opted to this committee when reports concerning portfolio were under examination. To ensure speedy action, it was recommended that the Governor should place before Parliament, within three months of the receipt of a report from the Commission white paper indicating decisions on its recommendations.

To reinforce this process, an all- parliamentary committee was to be set up to keep a close and continuous watch over the implement of the accepted recommendations. The Commission specifically asked the Government not to i the committee of secretaries - viewed by it as the proverbial gate-keeper to administrative reform processing its recommendations.

This was a sensible recommendation made by the ARC, but its acceptance depended upon political leadership. In India, administrative reform has rarely emerged above the level of rhetoric; the polite leadership has shown consistent passivity in regard to administrative re-inventing despite a lot of beating.

The arrangement devised by the Government of India was to entrust the responsibility of accept or rejecting the Commission's recommendations to the ministry directly concerned.

Processing of resulting reports was made the responsibility of the Department of Administrate Reform, in which an 'implementation branch' was created to attend to this work.

The committee secretary was mandated to comment on the specific recommendations before these could be taking up by the cabinet. In practice, the committee of secretaries became the de facto highest tribunal sitting in judgement over the Commission's reports. In short, the career bureaucracy socialised in the culture of status quo played a dominant role in the strategy for implementation, though the Commission had recommended just the opposite.

What is more, Parliament was kept out of the picture since no white paper on implementation was ever issued, nor any parliamentary committee established. The Governing simply placed on the table of each house of Parliament the progress report indicating the fate of each of the recommendations.

To repeat, the accountability of a civil servant must be in terms of his performance. This requires that the tasks of an organization must be defined clearly and a time frame should also be laid down. What is emphasized is that a ministry/department should ask itself well in advance what it proposes to do in the ensuing year and formulate as specific and precise an answer to this question as possible. When a blue-print of this kind is ready, it should be possible to assign tasks and responsibilities to different wings and divisions and to individual officers within them.

A pre-requisite for ensuring individual accountability is an effective system of appraisal of performance. The performance appraisal of a civil servant must be focused firmly on the performance of a task whereas at present, it is about the general assessment of a person. Another requirement is a certain minimum stability of tenure of civil servants.

All these aspects need to constitute a package and must be enforced as a whole. If administrative transfers and postings are arbitrary and too frequent, accountability would always remain an unrealisable dream.

Economy in public administration, another pressing problem, compels rationalization of business methods and procedures. The prevalent practice of involving the maximum number of people in decision making must be given up and the goal ought to be 'to involve minimum of people in decision-making.

Equally necessary is the streamlining of the classical staffing pattern being observed in organizations. The Economic Administration Reforms Commission was unimpressed about effectiveness of economy measures such as a general ban on air travel by government servants, payment, employment of temporary staff and the like.

These serve only cosmetic purposes with lasting effect. It is also seen that an economy drive generally focuses on 'non-plan' expenditure, too is not altogether correct. The traditional staffing pattern characterised by the pyramidal structure with a very wide base and a narrow apex, coming down from colonial times, is no longer and must be changed.

The structure to be adopted should have fewer posts at lower levels and i posts at higher levels as it would lead to greater economy and efficiency. A restructuring which increase the number of officers and reduce the clerical levels would not necessarily result in the reduce of employment opportunities in the country.

In any case, the creation of new desk jobs in the Government as an instrument of generating employment would be a plain mistake, considering particular the cost of retaining an employee in the Central Government. Surpluses thrown up by efforts to reduce the staff requirements of different Departments can be absorbed in filling the vacancies which do aria

The reasons for the increase in the number of government employees are: (i) an enlargement oft area of governmental activity, (ii) Government's working methods and procedures, and (iii) weakness in the organizational framework arising from an obsolete staffing pattern.

The scope of government activities and the staff needed to carry them out was bound to be enlarged in independent India, such a process need not continue indefinitely. New activities and new responsibilities should be assumed only after computing their cost.

While some new activities may have to be taken or old ones expand some others can be discontinued or curtailed, the staff requirements of the former being met by the thrown up as surplus by the latter.

This is not done. The surplus staff does not remain idle: they discover work for themselves by spending their time re-examining and what has done elsewhere! India must adopt the policy of scrap and build' as is the mandatory practice in Jape.

Essay on the Cultural Unity of India

Beneath the manifold diversities there was a fundamental unity among the Indians from Kashmir to Kanyakumari. The distinctive type of culture introduced since the Vedic times in its abounding vitality has always acted as a unifying bond. There has been a basic unity of literary ideas, philosophy, outlook, conventions, and practices throughout the country. The fairs, festivals, religious ceremonies, dance forms, drama and music are all products of the same background in the north as well as the south. The sanctity of the family, the caste system, the social samskaras are also the same everywhere.

A remarkable feature of ancient Indian culture has been the commingling of cultural elements from north and south. The Aryan elements are equated with the Vedic and Sanskritic culture of the north and the pre-Aryan with the Dravidian and Tamil culture of the south. Many Dravidian and non-Sanskritic terms occur in the Vedic texts. Similarly, may Pali and Sanskrit terms signifying ideas and institutions of the north appear in the earliest Tamil texts called 'Sangam Literature.

The concept of unity as developed in India can be understood only in the context of the working of Indian mind. It is related to an attitude, an approach to life and environment, a way of possessing a distinct set of moral and mental qualities and a sense of values. This has persisted throughout the ages, surviving the onslaught of all sorts of influences, external as well as internal. Jawaharlal Nehru observed, "Unity was not conceived as something imposed from outside, a standardization of external beliefs. It was something deeper and within its fold, the widest tolerance of belief and custom practised and every variety acknowledged and even encouraged." These assimilating and all-absorbing attributes of Indian minds on the one hand and the acceptance of a common sense of values on things essential, and outlook on life on the other, have presented to the Indians a distinctive and integral character of their own, marking them out from the rest of the people of the world.

Indian culture is an organic and harmonious synthesis of a large number of human cultural trends and imperatives. It has a unique individuality of its own. Different peoples have come to India from the earliest times and have worked together to build up a great culture, which does not seek to exclude anything and is all-inclusive. It does not deny any people their right to self-expression. All the external elements have been preserved. The motto of Indian culture has always been expressed in the Rigvedic dictum 'Ekam Sad, Viprabahudha Vadanti' meaning Truth is one; only the sages call it variously". Hence, it is almost of confederation of cultures. As a matter of fact the great culture of India is basically a synthesis of cultures, material, intellectual and spiritual.

Essay on extraordinary Perception

Alaukika or extraordinary perception is of three kinds. The first called samanyalaksana-, when we ask whether all men are mortal, question raised is as to whether mortality is true, not of this 63-65. For a fuller account, vide S.C. Chatterjee.

The Nyaya Knowledge or that man only, nor of all men who are dead and gone, but of all men in the past, present and future. But such a query I presupposes some knowledge of the class of men. But the question is: how do we know the whole class of men?

We cannot know it by ordinary perception, since all men cannot be physically present to our senses. Yet we must somehow know all men.

The Naiyayika explains this knowledge of the class by extraordinary perception, in which the class man is presented through the class essence or the universal 'manhood'.

When I perceive a man 'as man', I do perceive the manhood in him; otherwise I cannot directly recognise him as man.

Now this direct knowledge or perception of the universal 'manhood' is the medium through which I perceive all men or the class of men. To perceive mahood is to perceive all men so far as they are possessed of the universal 'manhood'.

In short, to perceive manhood is to perceive all men as the individuals in which the universal 'manhood' inheres.

This perception of the class of men, being due to the perception of the universal (samanya), is called samanya-laksana perception and is marked off as extraordinary (alaukika) on account of its obvious difference from our ordinary perceptions.

The second kind of extraordinary perception is called jnanalaksana. We often use such expressions as 'ice looks cold', 'the stone looks hard', 'the grass looks soft', and so forth.

This means that the coldness of ice, the hardness of a stone, and the softness of luxuriant grass are perceived by us with our eyes.

But the question is: how can the eyes perceive touch qualities, like hardness and softness, which can ordinarily be sensed only by the sense of touch?

Among Western psychologists, Wundt, Wafl|! and Stout explain such perceptions by 'complication', a process which sensations or perceptions of different senses become so closely associated as to become integral parts of a single erception.

Similarly, when on 'seeing' something one says, 'I a piece of fragrant sandalwood', one has a perception of its fragrance by means of one's eyes. How can we explain this visual perception of fragrance which can be ordinarily sensed only by the sense of smell?

The Naiyayika says that here our past olfactory experience of fragrance as closely associated with the visual appearance of sandalwood (since every time we smelt it we saw its colour, unless that was in a dark room) is vividly revived and brings about the present visual perception of fragrance simultaneously with that of its colour.

This present perception of fragrance, being due to the revived past knowledge of fragrance (saurabhajnana), has been called jnanalaksana perception, which is also extraordinary in the sense that it is brought about by a sense organ which is not ordinarily capable of perceiving fragrance.

The Naiyayikas also explain illusion, e.g., of a snake in a rope, as a case of jnanalaksana perception.

The third kind of extraordinary perception is called yogaja. It is the intuitive perception of all objects past and future, hidden and infinitesimal by one that possesses some supernatural power generated in the mind by devout meditation (yogabhyasa).

In the case of those who have attained spiritual perfection (yukta), such intuitive knowledge of all objects is constant and spontaneous.

In the case of others who are on the way to perfection (yunjana), it requires the help of concentration an auxiliary condition.

Essay on The Challenge before a Civil Servant Today

Essay on The Challenge before a Civil Servant Today

With the advancement of man's knowledge of his environment and with the new scientific discoveries and researches the desires and aspirations of man are also constantly increasing.

He desires more and more material comforts to afford him enough time and leisure to make proper use of his latent potentialities and develop his personality.

Scientific advancement, industrial revolution, techno­logical development, and increase in population have made it necessary for the State to play a positive role in solving the complex problems of social life of the human being.

The activities of the state are fast expanding and the modern States are performing functions which were previously the concern of private organizations or individuals.

Now, the state is no longer responsible merely for the mainte­nance of law and order, dispensation of justice, protection of private property and enforcement of contracts. Under the impact of science and technology, the negative concept of the 'Police State' has been replaced by the positive 'Welfare concept of the State'.

The essence of the Welfare State is the promotion of common well-being. It has become the responsibility the State to care for the people who are unable to care for themselves and to help in who need personal help of a special nature.

It has become the State to guarantee social security to all individuals from birth till death. Thus, State control or regulation over the individual's life is increasing. Government organs pervade our daily life, and its rules and regulations affect human actions in almost all walks of life.

When the scope of the activities of the State increases, the role of its admin­istration assumes great importance. The success or failure of the activities of the state depends upon public administration. Efficiency of administration to a great extent depends on the efficiency of the personnel's who manage it.

On the com­petence of the civil service depends the efficient administration, of any country? If the administration set up does not function with speed, efficiency and integrity, even the best policies and plans are bound to end in failure. Thus, the adminis­tration and the civil servants have a very important role to play in our modern age.

Who are these civil servants? All employees of the government are called government servants. There are two kinds of permanent" (or career) government servants: those in the Defense Services and those in the Civil Service.

There must be hundred, perhaps even a few thousand, kinds of civil services, if one takes into account the state government services and the smaller central cadres.

But when we talk of the civil servants, we refer to the officers of the "higher" civil services who generally (but not always) occupy all the senior positions in the state government and in the non-technical departments of the central govern­ment.

Public bureaucracy plays a central and critical role in nation building in modern societies, and on its performance capacity depends the success or failure of various crucial programmes of socio - economic development. As a catalytic agent of change, civil servants tend to become a powerful social group in devel­oping countries.

Since the independence of India, the civil servants have been confronted with many challenges, and their responses have attracted scholarly investiga­tions.

According to these studies, India escaped the holocaust and anarchy of the post-colonial phase because of the resilience and flexibility shown by the colonial bureaucracy in its adjustment with the new political masters.

After independence, the National Government took up the task of modernizing India through industrialization and undertook to provide all the amenities of modern life to the citizens. Keeping in mind the democratic values of life of freedom and consent, a new egalitarian society was to be established.

The ad­ministrative apparatus which was inherited from the old British regime was to be adapted, adjusted and renovated to fulfill the requirements of the new socialistic society.

Because of the democratic set-up of the Government, civil servants were called upon to work under the control of the representatives of the people bureaucracy which was fighting and arresting political leader in British days, was called upon to work under the same leaders.

It was a marvelous phenomenon human adjustment. Apart from administering the country, the civil server to undertake the gigantic task of reconstructing the Indian economy. For creating a socialistic pattern of society, the State has to take on heavy responsible the public sector has to expand rapidly.

It has to play a dominant role in shaping the entire pattern of investments both private amid public in the economy has to initiate developments which the private sectors unwilling or unable undertake.

The civil servants have to take crucial decision regarding these developments. In new India, the civil service has been called upon to m; State-owned industrial and commercial projects. Civil servants have to advise Government on the problems of planning. The civil servants have to explaining.

But, with the opening up of Indian economy of late, the role of civil servants in the economic administration of the country has been redefined. The Government is shedding its regulatory role in favour of being a facilitator in the economic development of India.

The greatest challenge before the civil servants today is to adjust to this new role of the Government. Due to the over regulatory nature of the government, the administrative system has developed vested invest in the continuation of the old regime.

To make the system free of this vested interest poses a new challenge for the bureaucracy. In carrying out the economy reform programmes successfully, the bureaucrats have a great role to play. Process of reform is not a cakewalk.

In the short run, the poorer section of society has to bear the brunt of the programmes. Protecting their interests a implementing the reforms with equal felicity is a daunting task for the civil servants today.

India is passing through a phase of political competition and acute social conflicts. This is the scenario of social context to which bureaucracy would be called upon to adjust. The first three decades of relationship between politic, leaders and bureaucratic elite were of a different kind than the recently emerging challenges.

Political stability and dominance of one political party on the political scene demanded a particular kind of adjustment by the bureaucracy; and the emerging political competition, the alternation of parties and the severity of social conflicts has thrown view challenges for the bureaucracy in India.

What should the bureaucracy do to meet the new challenges?

Indian bureaucracy should develop internal cohesion. Civil services like all careers oriented elite groups, is highly factionalized and fragmented.

Political leaders are well conversant with cleavages and divisions within the bureaucracy, and they fully exploit it. A minimum harmony in the bureaucracy would be essential to confront the challenge of the changing politics in the country.

Any crisis situation demands normative response, and the most important norm of bureaucracy is to protect the sanctity of procedures. Many challenges can be met by the bureaucracy if it follows the procedures of work.

Politics interferes in the function of bureaucracy and bureaucracy has to confront and contain it. A political system is based on support structure which legitimizes it. It politicians are using their support structure to 'get things done', civil servants, as a powerful social groups has its own support structure.

To resist political intervention, bureaucracy needs support from its clients, i.e., the citi­zens. Bureaucrats should become more conscious of its obligations towards its clients, i.e., citizens.

Many studies have found that general evaluation of public administration by Indian respondents was 'negative'. This low evaluation and mistrust of admin­istration by the citizens has increased during the last decade with growing social tensions, and the gap between the administration and the people is widening. The Indian civil servants should consciously bridge this gap.

Essay on Manners Make the Man

Manners make the man is a very commonly heard saying in every culture found in world over. Manners form the basis for every person's name and status in the society. When elder's dislike any person the very first sentence begins as "He is a very well mannered person". Manners play a very important role and play a major part of the person's outlook.

Manner does not only mean the respect one gives to elders but also respect towards both people of similar and younger age. Manners should be inculcated right from the time a person is a child. This helps them to respect others throughout their life. Apart from respecting elders it also is in reference to ladies, children and every part and parcel of the society. It is a very common phrase-" Ladies First", where the ladies are given the privilege to be first. And in case of children, their thoughts and views are listened to and analyzed.

Manners and respect are a must if someone wants to go ahead in his or her life. When properly followed manners help a person to gain respect and trust in his society. Manners are the critical steps in the ladder to success which guarantees an individual to reach a high position life. It also brings a sense of gratitude and well being in an individual and gives them a chance to express themselves. An important part of social etiquette can be seen at workplaces, as one tends to spend a lot of time at work.

With workplaces becoming global, the office environment is becoming more and more diverse and less formal. Unfortunately, the fallout of this has been that common courtesies like politeness and good manners have taken a back seat. They are deemed less and less important in our Professional as well as personal lives. The workplaces of today are competitive and conflict ridden, often giving rise to strong emotions. Is it any wonder then that traditional niceties and formalities have given way to contracted greetings and electronic wishes? Writing letters or thank you notes have become past, unheard of almost.

Manners at the workplace are essential to retain the dignity and the professionalism in the organization. The concept of civility encompasses social manners, personal grooming and dressing, communicating right, cell phone etiquette and of course good manners. Good manners help in building cordial relationships and provide for a healthy environment at work. The ones of maintaining civility at the workplace is on the employees, who need to observe a certain code of conduct.

While introducing a person or addressing somebody using the appropriate title like Mr. Mrs. or Miss makes a lot of difference Saying 'thank you' or 'sorry' might go a long way in building relationships as does a smile. Such gestures are always appreciated. Do not gossip or talk ill of others at the workplace. Your workplace is not the right place to flirt or find a date.

If you are in the wrong accept it graciously and do apologize .Don't criticize others work or ideas in public .Never make lewd comments or use nasty expressions while talking. Always be neatly and formally attired for the workplace. Such professional etiquette will only help one become a successful individual in life and society.

Being courteous to others will earn you respect and courtesy in return and shows that you have had a good upbringing. Manners help recognize an individual as a person of class earning one respect and awe of others in the society. Thus the term or phrase "manners make the man" is apt in every sense.