Essay on if I was the Education Minister of India

If I was the education minister in the Indian Government, I would like to introduce several changes in the system of education in the country. In certain spheres I may even like to uproot the present trends and introduce new ones. My views about education are apart from the common rut.

I feel that when a country lays down its education policy it should be very clear about what it wants to turn out from places of education, and what we want our children to become.

This is because the education of the children lays the foundation of their futures. Once this target is clear to us we can proceed ahead with the stage of planning the system. For example, the British wanted to produce in Indians, a host of babus to work in their Government Administration so; they framed their education policy for Indians on the lines of their needs. The tragedy is that we still produce the same from our educational institutions babus.

It is very obvious that, every country has its own specific needs and so, each country trains its young on the lines of its demands and requirements. This should actually be the basis of education imparted by any country.

The educational institutions should turn out what the country needs. With this point in view we need patriotic educated gentry. We also have to compete with the other countries of the world in the realm of science and technology and sports. So, with this in mind, I, as the education minister of India would start framing the education policy of this country. We have to go ahead in science and technology and also maintain the richness of the heritage of the country.

All these decades, our higher education has done fairly well and our technological advancement has been very satisfactory. We have technical institutes of the best standard but still we i.e. India is one of the most illiterate countries of the world, what a dilemma. This clearly indicates how very lopsided our education policy has been.

As the education minister of India I would lay more stress on literacy and primary education which lays the foundation of a strong nation. This I think is absolutely necessary to strengthen the masses, the society, the Government and the country.

India has a huge amount of manpower and it would be very beneficial if it could be channelised and the country would be the real beneficiary instead of just producing a few thousand engineers and doctors every year, who remain unemployed.

We must remember that, education must be closely linked with employment potential. I would see that no education is wasted and not a single educated person lies helpless without a job.

Even this has not been looked into all these decades. The result has been that, thousands of children coming out of educational institutions are in reality unemployable, so, what has been the mighty use of that education. It has only turned out from universities and other educational institutions a frustrated and unhappy lot, unable to find their way and place in the scheme of things. I, as education minister would see that children are taught only what is required for them to become qualified for anv assignment for their livelihood.

For this, I would introduce graduate and postgraduate courses in vocations so that, when the students come out of their educational career, they are ready for an employment in their respective spheres of study. This would ensure employment after education and at the same time prevent the universities from producing unnecessary graduates and postgraduates.

So much for the job oriented education, but, if I was the education minister I would also ensure more moralistic and human teachings in schools, where I think human beings are made.

The necessity of loyalty to the country would also be one of the important tenets of teaching in schools. The children would be taught morals through the medium of stories and biographies of great men of the world. I would do this as; I believe that, such studies do impress a young and impressionable mind.

With these few changes in the education system of the country I am sure I would have done my duty towards the country and justified my status as the education minister of the Government of India.

essay on if I were a millionaire

Man by nature is pleasure loving. He wants peace and happiness and avoids pain. Money helps at times of need and gives him comfort, food, a house, and a family to live with, and above all, all the material comforts of this world can be had if only man has sufficient money. So everybody wants to possess money and possess it in abundance.

In this world, some are born rich, some are born poor and some others belong to the middle class. The comforts, which a man commands depends on the class to which he belongs. Money is such a thing that it will not allow any man to rest. It forces him to strive for more and more. The quest is never satisfied.

There are two ways of looking at money. One view is money is the end of all and so earns and goes on earning more and more till you die. This category of persons argues that money gives you comfort, pleasure, power, social respect and authority over others. So why not go in for more and more money because it is money that makes the man?

The second argument is philosophical. You did not bring any money to this world. Why worry about it which you got during your life and which you are sure to leave in the world after death?

There is also a third view about money. Earn the money that is necessary. Spend it usefully on your needs and also help the fellowmen who are in need. In that way you can be happy and make others also happy. Every man has to decide which way he has to follow.

There are many ways to earn money. The first way is the morally acceptable way of working to earn. The second way is to steal or rob somebody who has got it. The third way is to expect a miracle to happen like winning a million rupees through lottery. The third way never comes to everybody’s lot. The second ways of stealing or robbing are all methods which lead to unpleasant consequences. So the only moral method is to work and earn it.

When I was young I was poor. My father was an elementary school teacher with eight children. We had hardly enough to eat. When I joined my high school it so happened that both my bench mates were very rich. One’s father was a rich landlord with hundreds of acres of land. This boy had a separate room and a separate cook to serve him food. There was a radio, a T.V. and good number of books and magazines for him to read. The other was the son of a big merchant who had different types of business. They also owned a number of buses. That boy had a special car to come to school and go back home. Seeing them, I developed a feeling that I should also become a millionaire one day.

Joining public service will never make one a millionaire. Only business can do that miracle. So I preferred to do business and earn a lot in my life. That became my life’s ambition. After my school education I joined a business establishment of my friend as a clerk and learn all the tricks of the trade. I could understand the market fluctuations and advantages of forward trading. I started trading in tamarind and jiggery and adopted forward trading techniques. It was not very late before I became a millionaire, as after some time money it-self makes money.

I earned more and more but I found later that money alone does not give happiness and pleasure which man needs. Money is the root cause of all evils. Envy, jealousy and hypocrisy are its servants. With a lot of money I was feeling unsafe. I was envied by all. Though money gets many friends they are not faithful. They look at your money and not at you. I cannot get rid of them or the money. The only way I found to be happy was to spend away what I earned on those who need my help.

essay on proverb " Practice Makes A Man Perfects"

Nature in its various forms is perfection in itself. Man or any living being is an entity of this nature where life strives hard to attain or fetch its livelihood. Man has his own means to meet the ends of livelihood. Ends are usually defined as goals in materialist and spiritual form.

Materialistic ends like food, clothing and shelter require means like earning money. Spiritual ends are perfection of human qualities, which reflects human nature. To meet these spiritual ends, man needs practice as means.

Practice, can be defined as taming one's mind soul and body to certain activities uniformly aimed at achieving certain requirement more smoothly and satisfactorily. This universal satisfaction in certain achievement can be defined as perfection.

Human attributes like faith, determination, confidence and emotions when complemented with practice lead to perfection when we speak of determination as a human quality. Our memory dates back to mythological era where we learn about the resolute determination of Eklavya who was denied education by Droncharya.

In spite of racial discrimination and denial of education his determination made him to learn in front of his master's idol and this determination complemented with years of practice made him one of the most skillful in the art of archery.

Practice is an exercise and mantra, which tunes both our physical and mental entities to the required frequency that leads us to perfection. In this faith is one such kind of cohesive force, which brings both the entities together. By supplementing this with planned practice anyone can achieve his goals in more comprehensive manner.

Human beings are ambitious. Ambition compels human beings to practice day in day out to see their ambitions, fulfilled. Practice is one such kind of tool which sharpens human abilities and capabilities beyond their capacities in pursuit of goal.

When we speak of confidence as human quality, it is practice which awakens the lethargic potential and induces confidence, so it is his practice which gives birth to confidence and it is this confidence which never reverts back human intention to achieve perfection.

Practice is sadhana, in other words, it is meditation. With this a man can achieve anything in his life and bedeck his life with bed of roses and can become exemplary. Our history is replete with stories of great persons who stand at unreachable heights.

Scientifically practice has been proved to be the only way to achieve perfection challenges can be stepping stones or stumbling blocks but it is just matter of how you win them. So practice is one such bioscope, which gives us a clear view of the challenges and prepares us in a right direction to accept the challenges and sharpen our abilities both physical and spiritual to meet the challenges for achieving thumping victory.

In this universe there are very few lucky who are born with silver spoon in their mouth. They don't have to strive hard for fulfillment of their wishes.

With less practice and by virtue of inherited means wishes are fulfilled but it is the practice that makes a man recognise his limitations and prepare a suitable practice schedule to attain his goals.

Right from beginning a man has to do many things and assume several postures and achieve several goals. When a child enters this world he crawls towards his desired objects but slowly and steadily he become; so desperate that he wants to get those objects instantaneously and slowly he realises that he has to stand up on his legs and walk to reach his goal.

This intention compels him to practice walking and, if needed even running which he realizes as an improvement in reaching new vistas through which a person can find an answer that is more suitable and appropriate.

To practice is to meditate in hot and cold, good and bad situations, in favourable and unfavourable condition. We can see the society discarding handicapped people who are helpless. It is this discrimination that gives; birth to determination for practice. A person with artificial legs practice; to walk on his with or without human support and this practice one day enables him to even run.

Practice is one such activity that enhances will power of person. It encourages one to accept abnormal challenges and come out strong Perfection attained through practice can't be stolen by others.

Practice makes a man perfect is not a saying. It becomes true in case of many preeminent persons of this world. Today, they say, the reason behind their success is not only continuous practice. So they treat practice as mother to success because practice provides only positive results and it can never be called failure. That is why; some people are often heard saying that due to lack of practice they are unable to perform as usual.

To summaries practice is the child of determination and ambition. In this practice gives birth to faith and confidence and perfection is the illuminate result of all the above attribution. One has to be aware of the fact that without planned and continuous practice, it is not possible to reach to achieve goals. So perfection and practice go hand in hand that is why practice makes a man perfect.

essay on If I Were a Rose

A rose is known to be one of the most beautiful of flowers created by God. It has the dual luck to being beautiful and attractive and also has a? Fragrance in it, which it spreads wherever it may exist.

If I were a rose, I am sure I would be very proud of very existence knowing that I have beauty and fragrance! And that, I am among the most loved ones of the species of flowers. If I were a rose, I would be very happy and proud but, then, I would be bereft of seeing myself.

Of course the people coming to admire me and my other colleague would fill my ears with all the praise for me and, I would surely believe it all - they would serve me as mirrors of my beauty.

When, I'd hear all around me applauses of me, I would jump with pleasure though, no one would see me in my moments of happiness this I know because, man does not have the fine vision of seeing through flowers for their intense feelings.

I would stand aloof from all other flowers in a garden- and when people would see me and the other flowers, I dare say I would be the jealous one for, I would wonder why the onlookers were sparing even a glimpse for other flowers when I in all my majesty stand in front of them?

Though this would be a very selfish thought and attitude but, after all it is natural. How can any one resist the feeling of one up when one is convinced that he/she is one up? Don't you agree? When I know that I am the best looking flower in the garden, how should I not be jealous of people seeing others in my presence?

However, these days of my glory and pride would be short lived and not last forever. I know that, all life has to die.

If I were a Judge

I have heard that, judges are the ultimate in rendering justice and my ambition is to become a judge, in the Supreme Court of India. My ambition is based on the belief and presumption that, judges are honest, disciplined and unbiased in their behaviour and attitudes towards their subordinates in the office and the people who come to them for help.

If my attraction to this noble position were to become a reality some day, I would do a lot to improve the norms for justice in India, my country.

If I were a judge I would be in the know of all the intricacies of the functioning. I would try to render the system clean of politics, and clean of maneuvering of any kind. This is of course a very high stake I am laying I know but, if I could do it all, it could be done only in the position of a judge.

Whenever the newspapers are gone through, I often read the data that, there are lakhs of cases pending in the courts, which would take three centuries to be cleared, if there are no more additions to the numbers.

Is this not absolutely ridiculous? Don't the people in the profession feel ashamed of saying so, and of having brought the situation to such a passé? Is it not a farce to believe that, these cases would ever be cleared - in three centuries?

Would all the litigants be still alive to hear the verdicts of the courts, and would there be no further additions? I personally feel that, in so long a period the people whose cases these are, would have taken at least five lives by then.

It would be thus advisable to scrap all the long pending cases and start afresh for, litigants would certainly not live to hear the judgments. Does this not appear to be a comedy of errors? I do wonder what our judiciary is doing to clear the malaise from the system.

The judiciary is just now busy cleaning the Executive and the Legislature the two branches of the Government. When on earth will it start cleaning up itself? This problem is facing the judiciary rudely in the face and no one - yes no one appears to be looking at it in the correct perspective.

If I were a judge, I would first try to clean up my own house. The three-century load of cases, which cannot be carried for any more length of time, would be my first priority. What I would do would be to finish or scrap the very old cases in which the people concerned may have already died, and burn up their files instead of just hoarding them up as junk.

After ensuring such decrease of files, I would establish special courts to clear these cases as quickly as possible that are on a war footing. Only then very new cases would be kept in abeyance and the rest be cleared in three years instead of in three centuries. Such despicable statements would never come out of the office of any judicial officer, if I could help it.

I would then try to inculcate discipline, honesty, and work culture in the judiciary, among all the people of the legal profession. When I read in the newspapers and also hear my elders discuss about the corruption that has also seeped into this community, I feel very frustrated for, and how can a corrupt person be just? His judgment has got to be tilted towards the giver - giver of a brave.

Another thing that I would introduce as a judge would be the time limit of cases, the time may be short or long according to the intricacies of the case but, time must be set, and time must be adhered to. In my view if, as a judge I would succeed in doing this much I would have done my bit of service to the profession, by infusing work culture and discipline in the cadres, and doing so, the judiciary would have gained its lost prestige and honor.

Thus, in a nutshell, if I were a judge, my ambition of cleaning up the system would be my priority.

essay on a Good Citizen

A good citizen needs to imbibe many qualities. That he has some duties and responsibilities to bear is true, but at same time, he enjoys some rights and privileges as a citizen of a free state. While he has every right to participate in the judicial, legal politics, religious and social affairs of the nation, he has also some responsibilities i.e. not to injure the sentiments of others and to protect the weak against the strong. To stand by the state, under all conditions, is his first and foremost duty.

A good citizen must be ready to sacrifice his everything for the sake of his motherland. He is also required to be a patriot and nationalist. He should have firm and deep faith in the welfare of his motherland. He has to obey law and order. But he has also to keep in his heart the betterment of the country, the good of society and the interest of the nation.

A good citizen must respect the cultural heritage of his country, i.e. he will have to respect the heroes, ‘the prophet, the sages and saints of his country. He must respect the race which has given birth to him. He must always keep in mind the future of his country. He must attempt to raise the standard of living of his country by working honestly.

At an event of aggression or foreign attack, he must be ready to shed his blood for the sake of his motherland. Thus, defense of the country is the supreme duty of a good citizen. Unity of the nations should be his topmost priority. He should work for the unity of the country. A goodwill for other races, protection to the weak, help to the victims, sympathetic and kind consideration to his fellow citizens are things that are needed in good citizen.

A good citizen should have a spirit of cooperation, friendliness, humanity, dedication, devotion for his fellow citizens. He must respect other faiths. He must not do anything which brings disgrace to his society or to his country. Greatest good of greatest number should be his principle. All these good and great qualities, if possessed, make one a good citizen.

If I Were a Politician in India

Politicians - yes, I understand that, this is the highest, rung of dignitaries in a country, so India could be no exception. If I were a politician in India, I would be a class apart from others of that clan.

Politicians in India at least in the present times are a class to be suspected, abhorred disliked and never to be trusted. This dismal image of politicians in India is now a fact hidden from no one.

So, if I were to be a politician of India,; my first and immediate aim would be to try my best to erase this ugly notion from the minds of the people. I understand that, in India, politicians are the most powerful_;beings in the hierarchy of executives, they have status, and' they get a tremendous number of perks with their enviable positions. I often do wonder, why should they after getting so much, still resort to malpractices to earn more and more.

If I were an Indian politician, I would be the most satisfied person, getting all that was my due and try my best to give the masses what they deserve, in return of bringing me to the position of a politician.

I would realize that they, the electorate, the people elect me they vote for me, not for my progress, but because they think I could get progress for them. With this idea clear in my mind, I would set myself ready to serve the people and not myself.

My first priority would be to return to the masses in all fairness all that they had done for me. They had given me prestige, love, and a lot of regard, in the expectation of my looking after their small, day to day interests.

My first target would be the perks of politicians for, in my view, all the perks that go with the position of the politicians are just too much for them to consume, and this leads to the misuse of the perks and privileges.

Moreover, I would understand that, a poor country like India can ill afford such indulgence for a handful of its people at the cost of the prosperity of the masses. My first work as a politician would be to attack the perks that are given on a platter to the politicians who represent a poor country.

The priority to be next tackled by me would be my avenue of work. I would go and spend much of the time of each year in my constituency. This I would do as, I realize that, it is these people who have voted for me and given me the gift of this position, and it is these people who deserve my full support.

With this in mind, I would stay as long as possible in my constituency instead of in Delhi. I would live with them, study their needs, and try to get their problems solved for them as, this is why they voted for me.

My next sphere of activity would be to keep away as for as possible from the community of criminals that would then allow me to work honestly. I would try my best to stay away from criminals and their clan, and avoid playing into their clutches.

This is because I realize that, once the politician gets into the labyrinth of criminals, the hold becomes a dangerous combination of the criminal and the politician.

With these three priorities in my mind as a politician, I would serve my country to the best of my capacity. I would never forget to serve the people who helped me to this elevated position of a politician.

With this attitude I am sure, I would get through the election again and again, for, if I serve truly and honestly no one would ever stand a chance of fighting an election against me. This is because I would be serving my people and they would never leave me for any one else.

I really feel that if politicians in India were of good stuff honest, devoted, and sincere there could be no power in stem the progress of this country. This is because this highest rung of the ladder has to be of good quality ant safe, in order to allow other rungs to work with efficiency.

Essay on if I were the Prime Minister of India

The Prime Minister of India, aha! The highest executive of the largest democracy of the world, what a promising position, what a status, and Oh! What laurels.

However I see this position as it were with a pinch of salt as, it is more a thorny crown on the head of the person who wears it. Dealing with the daily affairs of the country, is not easy, so, this positions, this status, this name are not without the demerits.

If I was to be the Prime Minister of India, the first and most difficult thing I would deal with would be the building of the character of the people of the nation. I feel that, all the drawbacks and failures of the country and its people are, mainly due to the lack of character of its people, its Executives, its politicians and all others.

Now developing characters is not something that can be done in a day or something that can be imposed on a generation. There is no magic cure for this malady which is inherent in the Indian scene.

Since I know that neither can character be infused overnight, nor can it be eliminated from the scene, I would ensure that all bad characters no matter that, are booked for their wrong doings, punished as per the laws of the land.

I really believe that even if just a few wrong doers are punished strictly, instead of being shielded by their patrons, then others will not indulge in similar malpractices. I earnestly feel that punishment is the only approach to this Herculean problem of character. If few, yes, just a few are punished all others will be frightened of the consequences of wrong doing.

This exercise of punishments I would start from the highest rungs of the ladder and then come downwards, though the lower rungs would get cleaned by themselves if the cleaning be done at the top.

The next area of influence I would try to work upon would be the education of the masses. Our education as I understand it had been framed by the British rulers.

They had the objective of creating babes for their Government administration who would slave for them. It is this heritage of creating babus that we have continued for the last so many decades, and made a real mess of our education.

The area of higher education has been pampered but the sphere of primary education which lays the foundation of the country's literacy has been neglected totally. I would lay greater stress on primary education and make higher education a choice for the children and that also only according to their choice and merit. I would not allow any admissions in institutes of higher education on the basis of just donations.

My heart feels so very hurt when I see all around me the influence of westernisation in our country. It appears that we have just nothing of our own and we are learning and have learnt everything from the West.

A culture as rich as India's having to borrow everything from the west depicts the slave mentality of us Indians and I feel very sad when I see it all around me. My next priority as the Prime Minister would be the Indianisation of the Indians.

I do wonder where our culture has disappeared, where our life style and our heritage are. How could we throw such riches of a great culture to the winds? I would infuse the teaching of Indian culture in every school and college.

This would not mean that we stop learning from the west no, not at all. We would continue borrowing all knowhow from the west but, only in spheres in which we have to, not just because it is western but because it is necessary for our growth.

Besides all this, I would ensure that social changes are brought about evenly throughout the country, keeping in mind beautiful blend of our culture and the western ethos.

For social changes I would mobilise and encourage non Government agencies because I feel that social changes can be brought about smoothly only by social welfare organisation and not laws of the Government.

With all these priorities I would also try to ensure infusion of patriotism in the younger generation. Sometimes I really wonder at the whereabouts of our patriots of the early decades of this very Century, where are they, and have we stopped producing the like now?

With this much achieved or at least the trend set, I would be happy and a person absolutely satisfied with my achievements.

With so much to be done within the country, I would try also to produce good neighbourly relations with all the neighbours of India, as; I believe a good neighbour is an asset to an individual and even country.

I would send peace delegations to all the neighbours and invite them on peace missions to India. I do think that such activities would yield satisfactory results and we would have friends all around.

Essay on An Indian farmer

Agriculture is as much important, if not more, as the industry in a country.

Thus here lies the importance of our farmer. An Indian fanner is the backbone of the society. His importance in the economy of the country cannot be over-emphasized. He grows vegetables and fruits for our food and cotton for our clothes.

The Indian farmer is a hard working man. He works from morning till evening in the scorching heat and biting cold. Early in the morning he drives his oxen to the fields. He ploughs the fields, sows seeds and waters the plants He looks after the crops and saves them from being spoiled by stray cattle or wild animals. He enjoys no holiday. At noon he takes his meals under a shady tree and then takes little rest. In the evening he returns home, tired and exhausted.

But he leads a simple life. He lives in a mud house, eats simple food and wears coarse clothes. Generally he is illiterate. We believe in old customs and superstitions. His cattle are his most valuable property. Often during drought crops fail and he is in trouble when the crop ripens, he feels happy. He reaps it, thrashes it and takes the corn to the market. In times of a bad harvest he has little money to buy seeds and manure and runs into debt.

The farmer is fond of festivities. He spends lavishly on marriages and other social ceremony. Recently, the use of agricultural machinery and chemical manures and the provision of credit facilities by cooperative societies and rural banks has improved his living and changed his outlook on life.

Essay on If I were a Doctor

Every person born in this world will have an aim or goal in life. There is nothing wrong in having an ambition but one should not be overambitious.

When I was still quite young and a student in a high school, a doctor visited our school and gave a lecture on healthcare. He stressed the point that prevention is better than cure. But then, how to prevent contagious diseases which spread very easily in and unhealthy society was the question asked by one of our friends at the end of the lecture. The doctor only repeated his point on prevention but later said that what could not be prevented has to be cured. He added that it is the doctor’s duty to cure.

Medical facilities and medical care were not so well advanced in those days. But one thing common which existed then and which exists even today, is that those who have adequate money to spend on medical care can afford to have good health and those who cannot afford have to rely on faith and God for cure. It is this lack of medical facility and the ever continuing gulf between the haves and have-nots in the society that prompted me to become a doctor and serve the poor and the downtrodden.

I thought that I would study M.B.B.S. course, get employed as a doctor in a rural area, and do my best to the needy and the poor. I dreamt of a situation when all young doctors like me would be doing service in rural areas and help the sick and old. I also felt that if a doctor is doing selfless service, he would be regarded and considered as divine. I felt that my ambition in life should be to serve fellow men and not to earn money as greedy man. I was clear that by serving mankind, I would be serving God. The doctor’s lecture motivates me further to become a doctor.

I got a seat in the medical college very easily as I got top rank. I was admitted in a Government Medical College, which had then very eminent doctors and specialists on its staff. I passed my M.B.B.S., degree course with distinction and after working as a house-surgeon; I was selected to work as a doctor at Primary Health Centre, Hussinpuram. I thought I had realized my ambition in life and that I would serve the poor and the rural needy.

India is a country full of myths and superstitions. People’s faith in village deities is much more than their faith in a qualified doctor. A mystic or a tantric is more welcome than a qualified doctor.

So I had to face a new challenge which I never anticipated when I thought of becoming a doctor. Unless I live as one with the rural folk I am sure they would not accept me as one of their friends and well wishers.

Treatment becomes difficult when the patients do not cooperate. So I started learning a new lesion on what and how I should be, to function as a doctor. The new lesions learnt have brought me nearer to the people. Now they no longer believe in tantriks or mystics for cures. So they directly come to my hospital for treatment.

My love and affection towards the poor, the kind words I speak with them in their own language, the respect I show to them as fellow human beings are paying rich dividends than the actual medicines I give to the patients. I have put in to practice the ideals I cherished when was a young student in a high school.

Essay on Examination Phobia

Students prepare for the examinations days and months in advance. The day of the examination is always awaited with a mixed feeling. There is a fear of facing a tough paper and there is also a sense of relief to know that once the papers are over, there can be enough time to play and enjoy.

Outside the exam hall students hold on to their books, notes and pencil boxes. They are seen pacing up and down the corridors trying to absorb as much as they can from their books upto the last minute. Some students read loudly while others prefer to sit silently in a corner and concentrate on their notes. Some students are seen discussing questions with classmates. Some faces show panic and fear, others show composure and confidence.

Once the students enter the exam hall they surrender all their books and notes to their teachers. There is lot confusion as they try to locate their roll numbers on seats. The invigilators usually guide the students to their seats and soon order is restored in the class room. The examiners and invigilators advice the students to remain silent while the examination is on. As time passes, students keep a close watch on watches. Even the invigilators keep warning the students about the time.

If any student is found copying or seen resorting to unfair means, the principal is asked to intervene. He/she is disallowed to take the examination and sent away to the principal's office.

Once the examinations start, there is silence in the room and the students are seen concentrating on writing. Invigilators move between rows of chairs and keep watch over the students. Even they get tired along with the students at the end of three hours. Everyone heaves a sigh of relieve once the period is over.

Essay on “Are We Different”

Essay on “Are We Different” - We took birth as humans. Does that make us any special from other living entities? Yeah it should. When one person asks how? For example after reading first few lines you would (actually you should!) be wondering about the question!

That's the thing that makes us different from other living entities , it's called consciousness. Consciousness is defined as awareness of one's ownexistence, sensations, thoughts, surroundings, etc.

Now a person can argue that a goat is also conscious . But how does the goat react in a slaughter house when a fellow goat is butchered? It doesn't care at all because it's busy in enjoying the green grass given by the butcher. In that situation will a human react like a goat or immediately he tries to survive( If you did see the "SAW" film you will know it better)? Then what can we conclude?

The level of consciousness is different in both of the living species. Now the question again arises "How does that make us different?" It makes us different by making us realize our goal in our life.

Now again a question arises is that "What is our goal?" Is it just to enjoy the material desires ? Then what makes us different from an animal say dog ? Dog wants to enjoy . They search for food , we search for good restaurants . They try to defend themself using claws , we try to do that with atom bomb. They sleep , we sleep in air conditioned bed room. They have sex , we try to have sex in a professional way!(or their way itself). so what do we call it? Advanced animalism?

So why are we born as humans? To realize something great is there in this universe . Something which controls the flow of time and life, something that diffrentiates a living from dead , something that makes us search for happiness , something that guides us from inside by telling us what is right or wrong. When one questions this within himself then that person is said to realizing about his consciousness. So start questioning!

Essay on Growth of Criminology in this World

The origin of the term 'criminology' can be traced back to the French anthropologist Topinard, whose major work appeared in 1879. In the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, however, the emphasis was on the reform of criminal law and not on the causes of crime.

Scholars, including the Italian scholars Beccaria and Bentham, were more concerned with the humanitarian aspects in dealing with criminals and reforming severe criminal laws. Great progress in criminology was made after the first quarter of the twentieth century.

The first American textbook on criminology was written in 1920 by sociologist Maurice Parmalee under the title Criminology. Programmes were developed for the specific purpose of training students to be criminologists, but the developments were rather slow.

In India, the teaching of criminology started in 1940 at the Jail Officers Training School at Lucknow. In 1949, a diploma course in criminology was started at the Lucknow University. In subsequent years criminology as a subject came to be taught in several universities. Four universities/institutions deemed to be universities soon introduced independent departments of criminology: Tata Institute of Social

Sciences, Bombay (1954); University of Saugar, Saugar (1959); University of Madras, Madras (1965) and University of Karnataka, Dharwad (1970). Diploma courses in criminology today are run by the Lucknow University, Lucknow and Rajasthan University, Jaipur.

At the postgraduate level, criminology as a paper was started between 1950 and 1959 by the Sociology Departments of Lucknow University, Gorakhpur University and Institute of Social Sciences, Agra and by the Psychology Departments of Baroda University, Baroda and Utkal University, Bhubaneswar.

Between 1960 and 1969, criminology paper was started by the Sociology Departments of Marathwada University, Nagpur; Kashi Vidyapeeth, Varanasi; Kalyani University, Calcutta; Rajasthan University, Jaipur; Udaipur University, Udaipur and the Psychology Departments of Andhra University, Bhagalpur University, Madras University, Nagpur University and Ranchi University.

Lastly, between 1970 and 1980, it was introduced by the Sociology Departments of Annamalai University, Hyderabad; Gujarat Vidyapeeth, Ahmadabad and by the Psychology Departments of Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla; Osmania University, Hyderabad and S.V. University, Tirupati. In Social Work Institutes, criminology is taught at Udaipur, Baroda, Madras, Indore, Dharwad, Delhi, Waltair, Bangalore and Mangalore.

At the undergraduate level, criminology is taught either in Sociology or Psychology Department as a compulsory paper in sixteen universities and as an optional paper in eleven universities. Greater growth of criminology, thus took place between 1970 and 1980-in disciplines like sociology, psychology, social work and law-than between 1950 and 1970.

Gibbons and Garabedian (Cf. Charles Reasons, The Criminologist: Crime and the Criminal, 1974: 51-65) have recently identified three major perspectives in the growth of criminology: conservative, liberal, and radical (or critical).

Conservative criminology incorporates the following ideas: (1) criminal law is given; (2) criminals are 'morally defective' people; (3) criminologists have to study how morally defective people are produced and how society can protect itself against criminals; (4) in dealing with the question of causation of crime, conservative criminologists advocate the 'multiple factor' approach, emphasising combinations of personality, biological, and environmental factors; and (5) conservative criminologists tend to have faith in efficient police and criminal justice machinery (see, Barlow, 1978: 26).

Liberal criminology emerged in the 1940s and in the early 1950s, while radical criminology emerged in the 1970s. Since liberal criminology has dominated the field over the past fifty years, it is also called mainstream criminology. Early liberal criminology retained the emphasis of conservative criminology on offenders and their behaviour but pushed the search for the cause of crime in institutions and structure of society.

Three major views of liberal criminology are: (1) crime is the result of learning process occurring within a criminogenic culture; (2) criminality is the result of breakdown of personal and social controls; and (3) crime is a normal response to a situation of cultural discontinuity between ends and means (Gibbons and Garabedian, op.cit.: 53).

These views affirm that criminals are not perceived as 'morally defective' persons but are seen as law-abiding people in society, who commit crimes to achieve culturally supported goals wealth, prestige and power.

While early liberal criminology laid emphasis on crime as behaviour and on a criminal as a law-violator, liberal criminology of the 1960s and the 1970s laid stress on crime as status and on the process of making and enforcing criminal laws.

According to the new liberal criminology, society is characterised by conflict and criminality is the product of power differentials and of struggle to defend individual interests. Criminals in society are those who are lacking in power and who are unsuccessful in the struggle to defend their interests. Police and courts are viewed as failures in living up to the ideals of justice.

Radical criminology rejects liberal reformism like probation, parole, juvenile court system, Borstal schools, and correctional reformatories because all these "strengthen the power of the state over the poor".

The main thrust of radical criminology is: (1) a relatively small number of politicians, bureaucrats, and military men (what C. Wright Mills has called the 'power elite') comprise a close-knit power structure bent upon exploiting people; (2) laws have been created as devices for compelling the masses to remain docile; (3) the police are the mercenaries of oppression, serving the interests of the 'power elite'; (4) criminals are held captive as innocent victims of a corrupt, capitalistic and exploitative society; and (5) unless the present political-economic structure of (capitalistic) society is changed, criminality will remain and the legal machinery will continue to undermine the interests of people (Barlow, 1978: 28).

Essay on Prison labour

Assigning work to inmates in correctional institutions is considered today a major issue. Work is necessary for keeping inmates engaged to contain their idleness and reduce their unrest and disciplinary problems, for removing their monotony and improving their morale, for assigning such hard labour to them which may deter them from repeatedly indulging in crime.

For teaching them some useful trade which may help them to become self-supporting after release from prison, for enabling them to earn and get some extra facilities for themselves in jails and also for sending some money to their families to support their children, and for reducing the operating cost of maintaining jails.

Thus, the basic objective of prison labour is neither to be punitive nor to make jails self-sufficient but to keep prisoners engaged.

The tasks assigned to prison inmates till a few decades back were generally unproductive. Besides, a large number of inmates remained entirely unemployed. Even today, no work is assigned to the under trials and prisoners of 'A' class.

In all, six systems of prison labour have been identified which prevailed/prevail in different parts of the world. These systems are: the lease system, the contract system, the piece price system, the state use system, the state account system and the public works system.

The first three are private systems while the last three are public systems. In India, only the last three public systems of prison labour are prevalent at present.

Under the lease system, prisoners were turned over to a lessee who^agreed to house, clothe, feed, and guard them and pay to the state a stipulated amount of money for each prisoner received.

In return, he had the right to assign work of his choice to prisoners and to keep the products of their labour. Tales of ruthless exploitation and cruel treatment of prisoners aroused public indignation to such an extent that

Under the contract system, a private individual or a company entered into a contract with the penal institution for the labour of prisoners at a stipulated amount per prisoner per day. The contractor/industrialist/ ' merchant furnished raw materials, tools and machinery and inspectors to guide the production.

In return, the penal institution supplies food and clothes to prisoners and also disciplined them. In this system, the industrialist found cheap labour, the state, a source of easy revenue, and the public low-priced articles.

However, this system was also open to such serious abuses and corrupt practices among prison officials that strong public opinion was organised against it and it was totally abolished.

The piece price system was almost the same as the contract system, with the difference that in this system the contractor, instead of paying a stipulated amount per prisoner per day, furnished raw material, machinery and tools and paid a specified price per piece for the finished product.

This system thus gave the state complete control over prisoners and their employment. It also did not permit the contractor to come into direct contact with prisoners and use their labour entirely for his own selfish interests.

However, this system also did not escape public debate/controversy against it because of possible collusion between the contractor and the prison authorities. As such, this system was also abolished.

Under the state account (or also called the public account) system, inmates manufacture various commodities in the institution and the products are sold in the open market in competition with the goods produced by free labour. The state thus earns profit (or incurs loss) and exercises complete control over the inmates as well as the entire business.

This system is prevalent in India even today and things like carpets, niwar, furniture, durries, flower-pots, cane baskets, etc. are sold by prisons in the open market. But the system has not picked up much owing to small demand for prison-made goods, poor quality of the goocL produced, introduction of machinery in private industry, and lack of capital and transportation facilities.

Under the state use system, the state supplies products of prisoners to public institutions and agencies (like the police, schools, post-office government offices, and so forth). This practice of restricting the mark avoids direct competition with private enterprise and free labour while utilising prison labour for the benefit of the public.

Under the public works system, the services of prisoners are used for constructing dams, digging canals, cultivating land, and so forth. The prisoners are paid the same wages as are paid to free labour. However, the prisoners have to arrange for their own food out of the wages earned by them.

The state account and the state use systems are the two systems which are usually adopted by prisons in India. The training "given and the work assigned to inmates in prisons can be classified into five major groups: textiles and subsidiary, carpentry, leather work, blacksmithy, and producing soap, rope, etc. It is estimated that no more than 30 to 35 per cent of prisoners are engaged in productive work.

Of these, more than 50 per cent are engaged in durrie-making, 25 per cent in handloom textiles, and the remaining 25 per cent in other tasks (like carpentry, tailoring, black-smithy, etc.).

A majority of the workers (about 80%) feel dissatisfied with the work assigned to them. It is, therefore, necessary that before assigning work to prisoners, the authorities concerned must examine: (i) the effect of work on the health of prisoners, (ii) effect of work on reformation and value-changes, (iii) economic benefit to the state, (iv) effect on administration's efficiency, (v) competition with market, and (vi) market demand. Besides these considerations, other factors which can be given importance in assigning work could be term of prisoner's imprisonment, his age, education and previous training, the nature of crime, economic benefit to the prisoner, and the rehabilitative value of the work assigned.

Essay on Dowry System in India

Our society is suffering from many social evils at the moment. The dowry system is prevalent virtually in all parts of India. Dowry has been defined by a young lady as "the price paid by the parents for getting their daughters the post of a daughter-in-law". Parents pay huge sums of money so that their daughters may secure a satis­factory and permanent post. Unfortunately, the whole affair has assured the proportions of a scandal. The groom's parents try to extract the maximum from a matrimonial alliance. They insist on receiving huge amount of cash, luxury items like television sets, VCR's, refrigerators, cars, scooters and in certain cases even houses. Cases of harassment of young brides and bride burning on account of in-adequate dowry have multiplied during the recent years.

Dowry system is deeply ingrained in the social texture of our country. Giving away a daughter in marriage is called 'Kanyadan'. Traditionally, no 'daan' was considered to be valid unless accom­panied with 'dakshina'. The dowry was supposed to be the 'dakshina' to validate the 'Kanyadan' Kings used to give even parts of their kingdom in dowry, common people gave a dowry consisting of arti­cles of household utility and some cash. Since a girl enjoyed no right to the parental property, the system carried some kind of a moral justification also.

In modern times, however, dowry is a contemptible social evil. It reduces the sacred institution of marriage to a business tran­saction. It degrades a young maiden to the level of a saleable commodity. Poor people have to incur heavy debts to provide their daughter with a handsome dowry. This wrecks them financially. Some people resort to unfair means to meet dowry demands, which poses a grave threat to the moral values of the society. The daugh­ters of poor parents consider themselves a burden on their family and they either opt for a life of disgraceful spinsterhood or commit sui­cide. The dowry system is also an evil since it perpetuates the myth of male superiority. If a bride is harassed for more dowry, it may breed hatred in her mind for her husband and ruin the married life of the couple.

It is very difficult to find a good boy for a girl without paying a high price for the same. Parents of highly educated boys try to demand a large amount of dowry both in cash and in kind. In a way, they fix the rate of dowry according to the education of a boy. In some communities, if the boy is a matriculate, the parents want a dowry of Rs.100,000/- and if he is a post-graduate, they would demand Rs.250,000/- and if he happens to be a doctor or an engi­neer, price will go up to Rs.500,0000/- or may be more.

Thus, whether a parent can pay or not, it has become a com­pulsory present at the time of marriage. It has ruined the lives of many a brilliant girls, because their parents could not afford to give sufficient dowry to satisfy their in-laws. Sometimes the girls commit suicide when their in-laws persecute them to bring more and more money from their parents. Sometimes the greedy husbands along with their parents also kill their wives, when they are not given huge dowry. This accounts for the spurt in cases of bride-burning and violence on women.

The supporter of the dowry system give numerous arguments to justify it. According to them, it is a fine method of setting up an establishment for the newly weds. The second argument is that since the bride's parents are quite choosy about the groom's income, his qualifications, this property, why shouldn't the groom get a price for what he has to offer ? They think that marriage is a girls' life insurance and so the dowry is the premium. Thirdly, the suppor­ters of this system argue, a girl carrying with her a respectable dowry feels confident while entering her in-law's house while a girl without dowry feels uneasy and apprehensive.

Social reformers of the nineteenth and early twentieth cen­turies clearly perceived the pernicious effects of the dowry system and assiduously strove for its abolition. Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chander Vidya Sagar and Mahatma Gandhi, to name only a few, tried their best to mobilize public opinion against the system. Gandhiji unequivocally expressed his views against dowry when he said "Any Youngman who makes dowry a condition of marriage discredits his education and his country and dishonors womanhood."

From time to time the Government has enacted legislation to extricate the Indian Society from this great social evil. In 1961, it enacted the Dowry Prohibition Act, but the act proved utterly in effective. Instead of showing signs of subsiding, the system took deeper roots, Recently giving or taking of dowry has been made a legally cognizable offence punishable by imprisonment up to two years.

Now there is a great demand by the people that this evil of dowry should be eradicated completely. Many girls and boys are taking pledge that they will not accept dowry at the time of their marriage. Their is no doubt that until and unless the educated youths of the country come forward to abolish this evil from our society nothing tangible can be done to eliminate it once for ever. It is quite heartening to note that during the last few months a strong public opinion has been created against this evil.

In reality a strong propaganda should be started against this evil by all responsible persons in the society. The young men and women should stage demonstrations against those persons who give or take dowry. Of course, the Government should also pass stringent laws against this evil but social evils can only be abolished with the active co-operation of the society.

The youth can definitely play a key role in eradicating this evil practice. Young boys should take a pledge that they will neither demand a dowry nor accept it, and young girls should be resolved not to give their consent to marriage with a boy who demands a dowry. If more and more girls are educated and made economically independent, it will accelerate the process. More love marriages and more inter-caste and inter-provincial marriages should also prove helpful.

One more concrete suggestion, if the Government is really keen on solving this gigantic problem. The Central Government should enact a law by which those young men and girls who enter into 'dowry-less' marriages should get top priority in all government employment. The cases of 'dowry-free’ marriages should make the prominent news-item in the news bulletin. This would encourage the youth to take the lead.

Essay on Public hostility in India

People perceive the police as intruders, exploiters, cynical, prejudiced, suspicious, and parasitical. The epithets used to describe the police khaki drones, khaki mercenaries, rakshasas, etc. reveal profound resentment against them.

Why have people antagonistic views of the police? Why are policemen targets of negative responses from citizens? Why do people say: "the less the police intrude into their affairs, the better?" Why are people dissatisfied with law enforcement agencies?

One reason is that people believe that the police is frequently linked with organised criminals and corrupt officials in the operation of vice of various kinds.

The police are often believed to be in collusion with gambling dens, drug traffickers, smugglers and with those who are engaged in illegal activities. They have a share in the illegal income of these criminals and/or their organisations.

Secondly, the police are believed to use various illegal and questionable methods in dealing with the accused, include the use of excessive physical force in effecting arrests. Anybody who dares to challenge a policeman's authority or his commands becomes a victim of police harassment.

Even in dealing with a crowd of protesters, they use excessive lathi charge, tear gas and other gratuitous methods typical to the police force. Such incidents encourage the spread of public notions that the police department is a heaven for sadists. Whether or not these notions square with the facts, such images contribute to the low esteem in which policemen are held in society.

Third aspect of police hostility is the attitude of the police towards the citizens. The police adopt the posture that all people are suspicious criminals, all journalists are their enemies and all sources of mass media are interested only in belittling them.

As a consequence, the police never give any information about their internal working. Whenever the police get a report against any policeman, they go out of their way to protect their fellow brothers even when they are the most deviant men in the force.

In spite of prevalent hatred, people do not articulate the resentment felt against the police because of the power it possesses and because they know that nobody would take their complaint seriously and effectively.

Occasionally, the organised groups-say students in educational institutions, women's voluntary organisations, shop-keepers, etc.-may ask and agitate for drastic action against police harassment, but the criminals, as individuals, never raise their voice against police oppressions.