Essay on Women Entrepreneurship in India

Women constitute around half of the total world population. So is in India also. They are, therefore, regarded as the better half of the society. In traditional societies, they were confined to the four walls of houses performing household activities. In modem societies, they have come out of the four walls to participate in all sorts of activities. The global evidences buttress that women have been performing exceedingly well in different spheres of activities like academics, politics, administration, social work and so on. Now, they have started plunging into industry also and running their enterprises successfully.
Therefore, while discussing on entrepreneurial development, it seems in the fitness of the context to study about the development of women entrepreneurs also in the country.
Before we discuss development of women entrepreneurship in India, let us first make a case for women entrepreneurship. The review of developmental literature reveals that the focus on the contribution of women in direct productive work was first brought about in 1970 with Ester Boserup's book, 'Women's Role in Economic Development' which was an outcome of Boserup's research experience in India (Boserup 1970).
If David C. McClelland's experiment (Ghosh 1998) proved as seed for entrepreneurship development programmes (EDPs) in India, so was Boserup's research experience for women's role in development. It was during 1970s; more attention was given to the women's productive roles than the reproductive ones (like childbearing and rearing, housekeeping, and care of the elderly). In the 1980s, the gender and development approach took the women life into totality rejecting the public/private dichotomy which devalues women's role at home.
The Planning Commission of the Government of India realized that economic development of country can take place only when women are brought in the mainstream of economic development. Development cannot take place unless the people at the grassroots' level are not involved in the development programmes.
This, among other things, underlined the need for entrepreneurship development programmes for women to enable them to start their own small-scale industries. Accordingly, the focus on economic development made women the 'subjects' rather than 'objects' of development and 'change agents' rather than 'welfare recipients.'
This also made women to move from margin to the centre by empowering women to gain control over their lives (Hooks 1984). Considering the dual roles of women at home and work, developmental approaches tried to harmoniously combine women's home life with work life.
For example, Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC) has developed flexible programmes which work around women's lives and within the context of broader policies and plans making women the subjects of development rather than welfare recipients (McClelland 1961).
Now that we have justified the case for women entrepreneurship, we can profitably discuss the important aspects of women entrepreneurship in India. Let us begin with understanding the concept of women entrepreneurs.

Literary Journalism: The Window and The Mirror

THE CREATED AND THE CREATIVE
Think of a newspaper. Of all the events that occur daily around the world, or in your own city, and how they’re neatly organized into columns, with the occasional highlighted quote from an interview. The formality of it all.
The journalists’ name in capitals right under the title, maybe accompanied by a thumbnail of the latter’s countenance, and picture the actual article: an accurate recall of the who, what, when and where bursting with the facts with which each citizen casually updates himself every morning on the way to work. Such is the traditional journalism.
A droning, detached voice, a text scattered with dates and names and shy adjective here and there, a text that, upon reading, cannot be identified as anything besides what it actually is: a newspaper article.
But, as it always happens, along comes a new genre that changeseverything: a blend between the immersing descriptions of fiction found in novels, short stories and the likes, and the accuracy and the informative quality of journalism.
The “literary” in “literary journalism” isn’t the actual story or the events chronicled; it’s the way the article is written, which is like realistic fiction would be- think of legal thrillers and such, credible, realistic stories that are fictional.
Thus, the journalistic tone of a simple “Morning Report” (forgive the Lion King cameo), that lists concrete facts concisely and clearly, is lost to a more narrative, descriptive tone. But don’t be fooled by the absence of that “report vibe,” (I implore the reader to kindly bear with my terms) because the journalism is still there: the content is strictly the actual events that occurred, with the unbiased report of events that characterizes journalistic articles. The limit here, an iron-if slim-border dividing fiction from journalism written like it, would be that of recounting the bare truth, with absolutely no fiction attached to fancy the story up.
Now, this is actually something about the genre that I find interesting, since the descriptive style used must require much more research on the journalist-slash-novelist’s part, since the environment he sets is far wider than what traditional journalism is limited to, and in order to make sure that everything mentioned is as factual and as reliably accurate as a journalistic report should- must- be, the writer must conduct interviews, read reports, and maybe even visit the setting of the events he wishes to chronicle via this new method of reporting facts to the public.
Think of how hard it is for a fiction writer to come up with a character and to bring it to life through descriptions of his activity and interactions, being that in said case they come from the writer’s own imagination, meaning that he is free to do with the character as he sees fit. But then, besides the responsibility that a journalist carries toinform the public just by bearing the occupation, the creative non-fiction writer has the duty of doing so with the literary grace of a novelist.
So, in this case, the characterization must fit into the style, but the character is already created, and there is absolutely no possibility of tweaking or adjusting the bits of the puzzle to fit together. The only way to go is to know the real actors of the story inside out, to know the story itself inside out, and to reconstruct the scene exactly as it was.
Everything must be verifiable. And reality being what it is, journalists would probably have to search like hound dogs for the scattered pieces. And then, of course, comes the risk of the inaccurate portraying of a character, and how this character, being real, may object. This, at least to me, the credibility blended into the style of fiction, the limits within which a writer is confined, and how the author intends to simultaneously earn the trust of the readers with which a journalist is lavished, is one of the really impressive achievements of this genre.
Capote, for example, claims to be perfectly accurate in recounting theentire Clutter murder story in In Cold Blood, and, frankly, having read the book, the quotes, the scenes, the backgrounds of the characters, all with sketched with literary quality down to the last detail, even the Saturday midnight beauty rituals of Nancy Clutter, I wouldn’t believe it (Note to the reader: My intention is not that of questioning the accuracy of the facts, merely showing how I’m awed at his ability as a writer within the difficult requirements and criteria of this genre. Five years doesn’t even begin to tell you how much work I think that novel would require.).
Now, note how the function of the author as a medium between the environment and those who live in it is conserved, whereas this medium changes his way of connecting these two poles. Whilst the goal of the narration remains, the goal of the narrative style is altered. Instead of merely stating each dimension of the event occurred, the scene is reconstructed (Mark Massé, who we’ll later quote on another point, talks about the unit of construction in new journalism as beingscene, as opposed to traditional journalism, where it is fact) via the “literary tools” exclusive to creative writing that an author puts to use in his descriptions.
As one of the most prominent internet bloggers on literature, the person who uses the pen-name Sonja, puts this paradigm shift, “Rather than answering the informational who, what, when, or where, it depicts moments in time” (Finding Your Voice Blog, 2007). Now, a reason for this could be how, by definition, journalism is based on current events, and though these may be revisited in some cases, this condition of traditional journalism established its ephemeral doom, as Jenny McKay says so in her paper on Daniel Defoe, whom we’ll later talk about. The literary aspect of the new genre works to fight this grim sentence to oblivion, so that the reader is encouraged to read creative non-fiction works, through the entertaining style, and, on the way, re-visits the past to enhance his worldview.
But all this begs the question: why journalism..? We can see maybe the artistic merit and seductive quality of the blend with the literary style, but what is so important about being acquainted with what happens around you, if not as a simple way to kill time on the bus..?
According to the previously mentioned Mark Massé, a professor, literary journalism can be seen as a window and a mirror. The mirror corresponds to the “journalism”: the importance the goal of being informed may well be to encourage the reader to reflect on human nature and the “human condition” as he puts it. The window, on the other hand, is the literary part- personally, I’d say it is a stained glasswindow- seeing as it enhances this reflection through a style that defines and reconstructs reality more clearly.
But who started with this sudden taste for the vitrifaction of journalism..? I’ll do you one better: I’ll tell you who started journalism itself. And, to our immense luck (more to mine, since I have to study for Algebra and it’s already something like two in the morning… But, as Nancy Clutter would say, a lady’s always in a hurry, but she always has time.), this journalist had traces of the literary style in his work.
Daniel Defoe is the name of the creator. Yes, he is the author of Robinson Crusoe. But he’s also a journalist. He was actually sentenced to the pillory for writing about no-no subjects that he observed. But behold, he wrote The Storm: or, a Collection of the most remarkable Casualties and Disasters which happen’d in the Late Dreadful Tempest, both by Sea and Land. Beautiful title; we’re gonna stick to just The Storm from now on. Now this is a miracle.
The Great Storm of 1703 was chronicled in this book, based solely upon eyewitness accounts that he requested via newspaper advertisements; he was able to piece together the experiences of Britain slashed to pieces by the hurricane that visited the Isles in late November through a legitimate journalistic- type investigation. Now, the narrative style included some descriptive interjections that could be described as pertinent to the literary style.
To quote a little line from the book itself: : "No pen could describe it, nor tongue express it, nor thought conceive it unless by one in the extremity of it… [towns] looked as if the enemy had sackt them and were most miserably torn to pieces"(Wikipedia). Now, you can see the faintest use of similes in his description, which contribute to the immortalization of the ambient he captured in time. This, in turn, these scenes he now brought to the reader’s mind are not fictional, yet they are the building blocks of the book-length recount (it isn’t a novel per se, despite the use of the literary conventions evidenced; the book is more like a recompilation of loose eyewitness accounts that construct the scenery of Britain during the Storm), which obeys the not-fact-but-scenes aspect of literary journalism. As Jenny McKay concludes: “The Storm, then, is worth reading both for its own sake and for its significance as a founding text for both journalism and the novel” (McKay), which sets in stone the pertinence of this author to the literary journalism genre.
And now, I’ll quote McKay quoting Anthony Burgess, the British author, who realizes how Defoe has contributed to the literary aspect of journalism, and how this can act as a motor for the creation of the “realism” genres:“Defoe, in his absolute ‘devotion to the craft of reportage’, (1966: 12) was ‘our first great novelist because he was our first great journalist’, (1966: 7). Burgess is drawing attention here to Defoe’s contribution to the development of realism as a literary convention and noting the links between this development and early attempts by journalists including Defoe to make a literary record of reality” (McKay).
Another unexpected author of literary non-fiction could actually be (drumroll please) Dickens. A cute little book called Sketches by Boz:An Illustrative of Every-day Life and Every-day People is the manifestation of the journalist in the author of A Christmas Carol. Basically, it is a compilation of short little descriptive pieces about everyday London, divided into sections, three of which are non-fiction, based on his own observations of the interaction of people within the city. Hint: most of the little stories were included in newspapers and periodicals.
Now, it isn’t perfect evidence of journalism, since fiction is obviously published in newspapers as well, but it could serve as a tiny mirror, lodged between the rest of the articles the newspaper carried, serving the purpose of providing the reader a real account of the habits of people just like him. Now that’s journalism, isn’t it..? The narrator is a little undefined, and some, in this case the voices of the sources Ian Wilkinson consulted when writing his thesis, would say that the lack of consistency of the character/narrator’s personality and voice makes for the inference that polyphonia is used:
I needed help, and so turned to the sagacious theorist Mikhail Bakhtin, who said, rather whimsically, ‘Go back to the text, but this time listen to the “voices” in the sketches – its polyphonia. Listen to “Boz” and the language he uses. Does it belong to him? Is it consistent? Isn’t it true that he double voices and ventriloquizes social heteroglossia? (Wilkinson)
Yes, maybe Wilkinson is on his way of creating a new style of writing dissertations. But back to the point… Polyphonia is obviously something that isn’t used in traditional journalism (imagine the weather report to the style of Juan Rulfo… That would be odd.), so there we get the literary quality of the text. Now, the journalistic quality is the tricky one. In creative non-fiction, what is usually recounted is an actual event, a point in history that stands out: the Clutter murder, the Great Storm, etc. But here it’s the study of the habits of a certain community, which could respond more to anthropology than to journalism, yet the distinction is not quite clear.
So, yes, this could be considered, as proven by some of the aspects the work contains, literary journalism. But of course, we must be careful: we are reminded that everything within the latter must be perfectly accurate, which is the restriction we stressed so arduously, and because actual evidences of how the characters’ lives really were at the time of Dickens’ observation are not available, we cannot verify the facts presented. That leaves us with the doubt: fiction containing reality, or literary journalism..?
Talking of polyphonia and fiction containing reality, we are reminded of a genre that is almost exclusive to Latin America. Yes, magical realism. So, how is this related to literary journalism..? We cannot say, under any circumstances, that the journalism is there. Why..? Journalism is a hundred per cent accurate. Its guiding principle is the trust of the readers, how they count on the author to recount everything as it was.
And I really doubt that everything in One Hundred Years of Solitude happened. But the United Fruit Company massacre happened, right..? Here is the realism. Here is what breaks this genre apart from ordinary fantasy: how everything revolves around a real situation or event.
Now, back to Europe. Something like magical realism minus the magic is used in writing Lés Miserables. Even a real character is used, General Lamarque and how his death started the June Rebellion, and the entire backdrop of the struggle against the Legitimists, and everything in between. Yet the story of Jean Valjean and Javert, of Cossette and Marius, and of the innkeeper and his wife is entirely fictional.
But it wouldn’t be out of place. It would have something of a historic context to which the fictional story is applied, expressing maybe the writer’s own views in the process, but it cannot be classified as journalism because it isn’t true.
And it is this, as I’ve attempted to stress throughout the essay, that makes the literary journalist so accomplished. The condition he holds is that of balancing on a tightrope of a hair’s breadth, dwindling between his own genre and the incomplete version of the latter, quivering at the thought of a false step, of a region of the imagination that wandered astray and sent what defines his work crashing down in an enormous yet silent avalanche.
The literary journalist is first and foremost a journalist, owing a huge responsibility of accuracy and truth to his audience, but he also seeks the artistic merit of his work, the immortalization of the commitment he made and kept, the duty every writer holds of leaving an imprint in the reader, of creating scenes of demolishing them, and, most importantly, arousing emotions, in this case those of empathy towards our fellow humans, a sense of understanding, if not the aim to enhance this understanding. And this is the outcome of two worlds colliding: of truth and art, of reality and how it’s told, of the created and the creative.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
"Daniel Defoe: The First Journalist." Housesandbooks.com. 5 Sept. 2011. Web. 26 Mar. 2012. (housesandbooks.wordpress.com/2011/09/05/daniel-defoe-the-first-journalist)
McKay, Jenny. "Defoe’s The Storm as a Model for Contemporary Reporting." The Journalistic Imagination. Abingdon: Rouledge, 2007. Web. 26 Mar. 2012.
"Sketches by Boz."Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 25 Mar. 2012. Web. 26 Mar. 2012. (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sketches_by_Boz)
"The Storm (Daniel Defoe)."Wikipedia.com. Wikimedia Foundation, 21 Mar. 2012. Web. 26 Mar. 2012. (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Storm_(Daniel_Defoe))
Wilkinson, Ian. "Gourmet Meals and Fast Food: A Vocal Approach to Dickens’s Literature and Journalis." Diss. Kelee University, 2003.Wiley Online Library.Wiley.Web. 26 Mar. 2012. (onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1741-4113.2004.00032.x/pdf)
Bass, James. "Truman Capote." UNCP.edu. Web. 25 Mar. 2012. (uncp.edu/home/canada/work/allam/1914-/lit/capote.htm)
Breslow, Julian. The Narrator in "Sketches by Boz" Article.
Frost, Martin. "Capote and Journalism."Weblog post. The Frost Blog.Web. 25 Mar. 2012.(martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/nov2007/capote_journalism.html)
"Jean Maximilien Lamarque." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 03 Dec. 2012. Web. 28 Mar. 2012. (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Maximilien_Lamarque)
"June Rebellion." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 03 Nov. 2012. Web. 28 Mar. 2012. (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Rebellion)
Massé, Mark. Introduction to Literary Journalism.PPT.
"One Hundred Years of Solitude." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 28 Mar. 2012. Web. 28 Mar. 2012. (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Hundred_Years_of_Solitude)
Sonja. "What Is Literary Journalism." Weblog post. Blogger.com. 29 May 2007. Web. 25 Mar. 2012. (findyourvoice-sonja.blogspot.com/2007/05/i-promised-to-b5-that-i-will-try-to.html)

Social Change: Meaning and Nature of Social Change

Any change that alters basically the established forms of social relationships, thus transforming in some measure the social structure, is social change. It is a change that reflects in all aspects of social life, i.e., family, neighbourhood, play group, work group (industry or hospital etc.), religion, economic and political spheres, leisure activities etc. Social change may be partial or total, though mostly it is partial.
A change resulting from enacting a law prohib­iting untouchability might be called a partial change in society. Total change hardly happens. We always find partial change in caste system, family or marriage systems. Societies do change, it is inevitable but total structure hardly ever changes. Changes are not necessarily good or bad. Sociologists do not necessarily consider social change per se to be good or bad.
According to Kingsley Davis (1949), "By social change is meant only such alterations that occur in social organisation, that is, structure and function of society." M.E. Jones (1962) states: "Social change is a term used to describe variations in, or modifications of, any aspect of social processes, social patterns, social interaction or social organisation." Horton and Hunt (1968) defined it as "changes in the social structure and social relationships of the society".
As sociologists we are not concerned with all types of changes that occur in society all the time. Our direct concern is with social relationships. It is the change which alone we shall regard as social change.
Thus, any modification that occurs in the web of social relationships, which alters the long established pattern of social structure and social institutions, may be termed as social change. For sociologist, alterations in the properties of social structure (or social systems) through time constitute the focus of the subject of social change or social dynamics.

Nature of Social Change:

Social change is not a uniquely modern phenomenon. Some kinds and degrees of change are universal in human experience. No society is static whether it is primitive or modern. The speed of change may differ from society to society. This speed may be so slow that it may appear that the society is static but it is not so.
The so-called modern contemporary society is changing rapidly and constantly. These changes are neither temporally nor spatially isolated, that is, changes occur in sequential chains rather than as 'temporary’ crises. Change takes place in chain-reaction sequence, i.e., change in one part of society brings changes in other parts also. But, the rate or speed and direction of change are not always uniform in all aspects of society.
Some aspects change faster than the other. Material aspect of society (civilisation) changes faster than the non-material aspects (ideology, thinking pattern or social relationships). Causes and effects of change may also differ from society to society. The direction or patterns of social change may be linear, circular or fluctuating up and down.
It is such a complex phenomenon that no prediction or measurement about its speed, direction and causes can be made in accurate and precise terms as we see in natural sciences. As an astronomer can predict the orderly relations among planets in a solar system, sociol­ogist cannot precisely predict about human relations. Whether a marital relation between a woman and a man will last for life long or will just end in divorce after sometime.
The proportion of contem­porary change (planned or unplanned—latent consequences of deliberate innovations such as information technology) is much higher than in former times. The range of material technology and social strategies is expanding rapidly and its net effect is additive or cumulative.
Contemporary change is probably everywhere and its conse­quences may also be everywhere. Besides, increasing the expectations of life, it has brought many social problems in its train to humanity. In the modern world social change has taken on some special qualities and magnitudes. The modes of life and social institu­tions characteristic of the modern world are radically different from those of even the recent past.
During a period of only two or three centuries human social life has been wrenched away from the types of social order in which people lived for thousands of years. For more than any generation before us, we face an uncertain future.
But though we are largely immune from the natural disasters such as flood, famine and diseases like plague in the technologically developed countries today, we have to deal now with the social forces we ourselves have created. These forces bring social change into our lives in a continuous way.

Essay on the Ideology and social base of Bharatiya Janata Party

The Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP) was formally launched as an independent political organisation in February 1980, after the split of the Janata Party on the R.S.S issue.
Most of east while Jana Sangha members along with a few others, left the Janata Party to form the B.J.P. Thus the B.J.P. is a reincarnation of the Jana Sangha, the militant Hindu nationalist party founded in 1951 by Shyama Prasad Mukherjee.
The object of the Jana Sangha was the rebuilding of Bharat as a modern, democratic society in accordance with religious precepts. The party adopted four fundamentals one country, one nation, one culture and a rule of law that would determine its future course of action Nehru described the party as its "Illegitimate child."
Professor Rasheeduddin Khan has rightly remarked, "The BJP has prints of continuity with the Jana Sangha, in its discipline and well knit organisational set up and units linkage with the traditional Hindus socio-cultural organisations, the RSS and the VTTP."
Support Base:
The BJP's support base is essentially the same as that of the erst while Jana Sangha. It is a party of the urban educated Hindu middle classes professionals, small businessmen and white collar workers.
In Gujarat, Maharashtra, Delhi and Rajasthan BJP is the ruling party with charismatic leaders like Suresh Meheta, Gopinath Mundle, Mandas Lai Khurana and Bhairon Singh shekhawat.
But BJP's most impressive performance was in Karnataka, U.P. and Gujarat in 1991 election. In all these states the BJP vote went up by over 20%. Gujarat represents the BJP's most spectacular showing.
Electoral Performance:
In 1967, the party gave its full support to the SVD ministry in U.P headed by Charan Singh and it had 98 members in the Vidhan Sabha. In 1977, with 98 of its men in parliament under the Janata banner it received only three cabinet ministership.
In 1980 the party backed Jagajivan Ramand in 1983 with their 18 members in the Karnataka legislature the BJP supported R.K. Hegde who was then of a minority The BJP bore V.P. Singh on its shoulders after he formed the Jana Morcha. In 1984 during its worst showing only 2 Lok Sabha seats it still polled 7.4% of the national votes ahead of the Janata's 6.7 percent and the Lok Dai's 5.6.
Ideology and Programme:
The BJP believes in Gandhian socialism. The party says that its socialism is inspired not only bi Gandhi and JP but also by a Deen Dayal Upadhyaya.
It stands for positive secularism and clean government while laying emphasis! on the 'Hindus Idiom' on its poll manifesto, the party stands for justice for all and appeasement of none.
Policy of reservations for the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes apply the same policy to the backward castes broadly in line with the recommendation of the Mandal Commission. The party also favours smaller and stronger states desires to abolish Article 370, favours uniform civil code and would like to establish Human Rights Commission.
BJP - RSS Relationship:
The Jana sangh has been closely associated with the RSS. The RSS has served as the organizational base for the party. The BJP being its successor, what type of relationship it has with the RSS? The official stand of the BJP and the RSS is that those are two separate organizations working in two different -fields.
Besides they do not interfere in each others work. But an over whelming majority of the BJP workers have RSS background. Therefore a large number of people think that the two organizations belong to the one and some family.
Even the BJP has reaffirmed its RSS link. It seems this link as vital to its newly emphasized commitment to national unity since it believes that the RSS's patriotism is unmatched. It is' in fact proud of its link with RSS.
The BJP is now being viewed as an alternative to the century partoes that have so far had a monopoly on power.

Biography of Mamta Banerjee (short)

Mamta Banerjee was born on 5th January 1955 in Kolkata, West Bengal. Her parents Gayetri and Promileswar Banerjee belonged to lower middle class. Presently she is serving as the 11th Chief Minister of the West Bengal. She is the first woman to head the state. She has reached this point by defeating the longest ever democratically chosen government of Communist Party of India (Marxist), by a huge margin. This brought an end to 34 year long Communist rule over the state. She is also the chair person of 'All India Trinamool Congress' which was founded by her in the year 1997.
Mamta Banerjee completed her bachelor's degree from Jogamaya Devi College, in southern Kolkata. Later, she completed her Master's course in Islamic History from University of Calcutta. She also completed her degree in education from Shikshayatan College. This was followed by a degree in law from Jogesh Chandra Chaudhuri Law College, Kolkata.
Mamta Banerjee started her political career in a young age only. She joined Indian National Congress and rose swiftly to higher ranks in the local circle of the party. She served as the General Secretary of the Mahila Congress (I), West Bengal from the year 1976-1980. In 1984, Mamta won the general elections and became the youngest ever Parliamentarian. She defeated veteran Communist leader Somnath Chatterjee from the Jadhavpur constituency, West Bengal. She also served as the General Secretary of All India Youth Congress. However, in 1989 she lost her seat due to anti-Congress wave in the country. But in 1991, she regained the seat and from then onwards she has retained the seat in 1996, 1998, 1999, 2004 and 2009 from south Kolkata.
In 1991, she was made the Union Minister of State and was given the portfolio of Human Resource Development, Youth Affairs and Sports and Women and Child development. Though, she was removed from the portfolio when she protested as a sports minister against her own government. It was in the year 1997 when Mamta Banerjee moved out of the Congress Party and founded 'Trinamool Congress'. In 1999, she joined the BJP led NDA government and was allocated the Railways ministry. She started various new trains for her home state during the first rail budget presented by her. But in 2001, she made allegations about the NDA government and moved out of the coalition. Later, she shook hands with Congress in the same year.
In 2004, she came back in the governance and was allocated the ministry of coals and mines. She protested against the forceful acquisition of agricultural land for the industrial purposes. In 2009, she was again made the Minister of Railways in UPA led government.
On 20th May, 2011, she was sworn-in as the first woman Chief Minister of the state. She had recorded a land slide victory over her rival party. During her tenure, she is also in charge of 09 key departments of the government.
Apart from this there have been numerous instances when Mamata Banerjee had behaved in an unexpected and aggressive manner. She had threw her shawl over the then Railways Minister Ram Vilas Paswan for not giving due share to West Bengal in rail budget. She had also headed the Nandigram protests against the forceful acquisition of agricultural land. Tata had to shift their production base as a result of these protests to Gujarat.
She had always remained single throughout her life and always clad in a cotton sari she puts on minimal accessories and carries an austere outlook.

Biography of Narendra Modi: A Political Phenomenon

Narendra Damodardas Modi, popularly known as Narendra Modi is the current Chief Minister of the state of Gujarat and the BJP's Prime Ministerial candidate for the 2014 general elections. He was selected by L.K Advani, the leader of the Bharatiya Janta Party (BJP) in 2001 to give a direction to the election campaign in Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh. Mr. Modi was elected as Chief Minister of Gujarat on October 7th, 2001 and is the longest serving Chief Minister of the state. In the 2012 Gujarat legislative assembly election he won his fourth constituency term as the Chief Minister of Gujarat. 

A career that started as an errand runner for the RSS (Hindu Right wing group) is now perhaps on the way to reaching its zenith. Yes, Mr. Narendra Damodardas Modi has walked quite a distance wearing unflinching confidence on his sleeves. The Gujarat Chief Minister and BJP's Prime Ministerial candidate is a fascinating case study as the man opens up equal number of avenues for his critics as well as admirers. The man is admired for his economic policies and growth scenario in Gujarat, but he also bears flak for the dismal state of the Human Development Index in Gujarat. As the pendulum of the verdict sways to and fro for him, let's have a deeper look into Narendra Modi's biography.

Humble Beginnings 


The idea of struggle was never very distant for Modi. He used to run a tea stall till the time RSS inducted him as a full-time member. With whatever minimal training he received from the party's associates, he surged ahead and exhibited enough capability to be given the charge of the ABVP (the student wing of RSS). His diligence and dedication towards the party hardly ebbed despite the fact that he was simultaneously pursuing a Master's degree in Political Science. This 'average student' from Vadnagar tutored himself to take greater steps on a national level.

Family

Although there isn't enough about Modi's personal life in the public domain, the political discourse sometimes throws up bits of facts and stories. He was born into a middle class family of six in Vadnagar in Mehsana District (then Bombay state) to Damodardas Mulchand Modi and Heeradben Modi. He was bethrothed when quite young, but chose to walk away from the marriage and has remained a bachelor. 

Early days in Politics

Narendra Modi was drawn to politics in his early teens and was a member of Rashtriya Swayamsewak Sangh (RSS). During the 1960's India-Pakistan war, even though he was only a young boy, he volunteered to serve soldiers traveling through railway stations. As a youth, he became a member of the Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad, a student body involved in anti-corruption. After having worked full time with them, he was then nominated as its representative in the BJP. Modi was also a campaigner in the RSS during his years in college and took on the task of encouraging the party members. Partnering with Shankersingh Vaghela, Modi began a strong cadre base in Gujarat. Narendra Modi has come from a humble background and is known for his simple lifestyle. He has a reputation of being a workaholic and introvert. Mr. Modi has tried to change his image from that of a Hindu Nationalist politician to that of a sincere administrator. 

The party began getting political attention and formed a coalition government in April 1990. After this, the BJP came to power in Gujarat in 1995. During this period, Modi was responsible for the Somnath to Ayodhya Rath Yatra and a similar trek from Kanyakumari in Southern India all the way up to Kashmir in the north. 

A careful observation of his rise to the national podium would evince how he remained glued to his fundamentals - continuing agitations during the nationwide Emergency, organizing Murli Manohar Joshi's Ekta yatra (journey for unity), and impressing everyone with electoral strategy ahead of the 1995 state elections. As BJP tasted victory, Modi relished his newly ordained post of the party's General Secretary. The workaholic and loyal 'sevak' moved to New Delhi to take up the new responsibility of managing the party's activities in Haryana and Himachal Pradesh. Three summers whizzed past and Modi already had the post of National Secretary of the BJP under his kitty.

First Stint as Chief Minister of Gujarat

Times were turbulent in Gujarat with allegations of corruption and poor governance doing the rounds. After Shankarsingh Vaghela left the BJP, Keshubhai Patel was made Chief Minister of Gujarat and Modi became General Secretary of the party in Delhi. Weak handling of the effects of the Bhuj Earthquake in 2001 prompted the BJP's national leaders to seek a new candidate as chief minister, after the removal of Keshubhai Patel. In October 2001, Modi was brought in to fill the vacuum and made Chief Minister of Gujarat despite his lack of experience in governance. Initially, the BJP was not very keen on having him at the forefront and the party was contemplating the position of deputy CM for him, which he refused. He wrote to Advani, and the then Prime Minister Mr. Atal Bihari Vajpayee, stating that he was either "going to be fully responsible for Gujarat or not at all". In July 2007, he became the longest-serving Chief Minister in Gujarat's political history. 

In the Gujarat legislative assembly elections of 2012, Narendra Modi won the constituency of Maninagar over the Indian National Congress, with a majority of 86,373 votes. The BJP won 115 out of the 182 seats and formed its government in Gujarat. This was Narendra Modi's fourth term as the Chief Minister. The following year in March, he was appointed as member to the BJP Parliamentary Board which is the highest decision-making body of the party. He was also nominated as a member of the party's Central Election Committee. 

Taking Tough Calls

His rift with the VHP started to show after his much-criticized decision of demolishing 200 illegal temples in Gandhinagar. This was just the trailer. Modi was also vocal about PM Manmohan Singh's reluctance to revive anti-terror laws. He called for invoking tougher laws in states following the 2006 Mumbai blasts. Time and again, he has judiciously chosen issues to pontificate and attack the central government. In the wake of the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, Modi brought up the issue of security along Gujarat's coast. The UPA government acted upon this immediately and sanctioned construction of 30 high-speed surveillance boats. Recently, he came down heavily on the Central government for its weak approach towards Chinese incursions in Ladakh and Arunachal Pradesh and infiltration by Bangladeshis on the Indo-Bangladesh border.

Criticisms The Modi government came under bitter criticism following the 2002 Gujarat riots that betrayed the prevailing communal harmony within the state. Investigations were ordered into alleged abetment of crime. Modi's image suffered a quake as a common consensus was established that pointed fingers at the chief minister for allowing communal violence in the state. Some demanded his prosecution for promoting enmity among different communities during the riots. His way of functioning has also been the topic of much debate in the political arena with commentators and subject-matter experts lambasting him for carrying the DNA of fascist leadership. His critics call him a self-centered autocrat who doesn't care a hoot about the BJP. The Gujarat chief minister finds himself in the bad books of analysts as he is also accused of twisting facts to suit political motives on more than one occasion. 

In June 2013, when Narendra Modi's was appointed as the chairman of the national campaign committee, L K Advani submitted his resignation escalating his objection against Modi's appointment. But the BJP leadership remained rigid on its choice to put Modi in front of 2014 campaign. 

A self-made man

Besides being a revered orator and a prolific writer, he is also a caring son and a man with his brand of humour. Those who have associated with him for long are of the opinion that the idea of power is exciting to him. Next time you wonder how he could garner so much of national attention, think of this. He underwent a rigorous training in the US on public relations and image management. 

When it comes to taking lessons on brand building, Modi says there's no greater inspiration than Mahatma Gandhi. His eulogies about Gandhi come from the fact that "He spoke of Ahimsa but carried a stick. He never wore a cap but the world wears a Gandhi Topi." Modi's careful metamorphosis from a Hindutva party man to a pro-development leader and change maker speaks volumes for his image-building ability. His 2-year long escapade into the Himalayas and co-mingling with the yogic sadhus gave him a fair understanding of Hinduism. That partly explains why people listen to him in rapt attention when he talks of ideologies. 

Face of Development - Favorite among the leaders of India Inc.

Modi frequently refers to his P2G2 (Pro-people good governance) formula to substantiate his claims on holistic development. Some observers are of the opinion that Gujarat has been able to improve its agricultural output despite being a semi-arid state. The credit is given to the Gujarat government's measures to scale up groundwater projects and initiatives to increase the use of micro-irrigation. 

India Inc. is almost unanimous in their verdict. They want Narendra Modi as the next PM. Reason? They seek a strong leadership that has a clear roadmap and actionable plans ready for execution. Indian business leaders from Ratan Tata to Mukesh Ambani seem to be convinced that for India to come out of its Gross Domestic Paralysis, a visionary and decisive leadership is essential. Empirical evidence suggests that Gujarat has been able to position itself as a lucrative destination for investment. Under his aegis, according to a political commentator, the level of corruption receded and technology parks have seen the light of the day. His iconic call for "Minimum Government and Maximum Governance" has frequently struck the chord with the masses.

With so many brand images of Narendra Modi existing in a juxtaposed manner, it is to be seen which one suits his greater agenda and helps him in the upcoming Lok Sabha polls.

Essay on Indian Premier League Cricket match

The Indian Premier League (IPL) has taken the Twenty-20 Cricket's popularity to dizzying heights. The IPL fever has gripped the minds of the people in its full intensity. When the Twenty-20 cricket was on, IPL and its probable winner was one _ of the hottest topics of discussion everywhere. Many people are of the view that it is one of the best things that ever happens to the game of cricket. In fact IPL has become so popular worldwide that Australian Captain Ricky Pointing had to issue an appeal to his countrymen to focus more on their national team's recent series with West Indies than to watch their retired cricketers perform in IPL. The entire IPL tournament was broadcast in Australia as free-to-air and it had become a huge craze.
With the invention of Twenty-20 matches, the cricket has become an industry now. This industry has evidently stretched India's economic liberalization to ludicrous lengths. We had DLF-IPL flogging Twenty-20 matches as entertainment product that sold to cricket consumers by the seat - costing anything between Rs. 200 to Rs.5000 per fixture in Chennai. A season ticket was cost Rs 30,000/-(Chennai rates).
Seven other cities also franchised by the league promoters mainly to corporate helmed by folk such as Mukesh Ambani and Vijay Mallya; and Bollywood celebs ­Shah Rukh Khan, Juhi Chawla (jointly holding Kolkata franchise) and Preity Zinta (part-holder of Mohali franchise). These people had paid-big money. Mallya was reported to have paid $111.6 million for Bangalore and spent another Rs.15.2 core acquiring players for the city team.
Players were auctioned and even the game was mutilated in form and substance to suit the requirements of a day/night fixture. Imagine the power bill involved in such a match. Cricket, as most lovers of the sport envisage, used to be a day-light game. Haven't we seen Test matches being curtailed by poor natural light? We haven't checked if they had a fixture on April 22; and if 'Earth Day' enthusiasts have plans to protest such conspicuous power consumption in the name of cricket.
We also heard that IPL promoters tried to dictate terms to the media, laying down conditions for newspaper coverage and tried to put a cap on the number of action photographs a newspaper can upload to its web editions. No self-respecting newspaper editor could be expected to accept such conditions: What's more, the league promoters claimed unfettered access to media material and visuals as a free lunch; and this, they demanded as a right, to be fulfilled by the media at its cost.
IPL promoters or the franchise holders did' not even appear to care for the interests of spectators. In my reckoning the Twenty-20 league organizers take for granted a multitude of their customers - cricket-loving public. May be IPL is aping the US business model for sports such as baseball, basketball or football. Is anyone addressing the issue whether turning cricket into a mega-buck entertainment business is conducive to our socio-economic reality? Besides, is it such a good idea to let a real-estate developer transplant in India a business model for cricket (which is almost a religion with our sport-loving multitude) for the benefit of a bunch of investors and a select group of auctioned .. Players. If this Twenty-20 league gets going, it would not be long before we have multinational investors and take over tycoons evincing interest in India's cricketing entertainment prospects.
It is for sure that in cricket crazy nation like India popularity and craze for Twenty-20 will surpass the One Day International and that is the reason why rebel Zee Group has also started with Twenty-20 and BCCI has also mulling over in this direction. England had also announced hike of 25 per cent in the Twenty-20 games from next season. So Twenty-20 seems the future of cricket which is capable to revolutionize and globalize the game.

Essay on the merits and demerits of the present system of examination

Examination is to most of the students a matter of botheration, standing in their way as forbiddingly as the tree of wisdom in the Garden of Eden for Adam and Eve. On the face of it, the plea for their abolition cannot be supported.
For it goes without saying that there must be periodical tests and assessment of merits to measures the progress in studies, achieved by students during a specific period of time. An annual or half-yearly examination with this object seems the only way of doing this. But whether it really serves this purpose depends on a correct analysis and evaluation of the merits and demerits of this examination system.
The fact is that at the end of an academic session students must pass an examination, too often has an undesirable influence on teaching. The teacher will always have his eyes on the examination and his teaching will be more in the nature of coaching students for a pass than building up his mind.
Thus, teaching has now largely become examination-oriented. It has become a paradox, like the tail wagging the dog, i.e. education is for examination and not the vice versa. It is today the system of examination that precisely sets the tone of teaching in classrooms how much and in what way a particular topic is important from the examination standpoint. All that a student acquires in the process is the crammer-art, which may help him through the examination. Students depend more upon memory-work and a mechanical preparation of answers to questions than upon a proper assimilation of knowledge.
Furthermore, there is the subjective factor. Examinations have their whims and fancies widely diverging. Different examiners, or even the same examiner at different times, award makes inconsistently. These difficulties are more than ever accentuated in examination involving a large number of candidates. Because of the time factor, the work of examination has to be rushed through, making assessment hasty as thereon unreliable. Clearly, the system does not inspire confidence or does justice to the examinees.
Examinations are competitive tests in which each student rise to surpass his rival. A spirit of healthy rivalry is not to be discouraged outright, but rivalry soon degenerates into selfish competition. Rich students take the help of private tutors, which place them in a position of advantage. It makes students narrow-minded and selfish. It also puts on ambitious students unnatural strain. Instead of knowledge being the end of learning, the art of managing in examination becomes the be-all and end-all of study
It is to be admitted that fear of examination keeps students at their books when they might have wasted their time otherwise. There it serves the purpose of compelling students to read their books and thus to acquire at least some of the rudiments of learning.
As to the test of merit, examinations, however, do not to absolute justice to the examinees. Answer scripts that are considered ‘marginal cases’ receive weightage or extra benefit on compassionate grounds.
In our country, a better alternative to examinations has not yet been devised. For this reason examinations must continue in our schools, colleges and universities. The USA is ready to finance more expensive alternatives like the objective or precision-machine based on ones progress. Even then examinations cannot be entirely abolished. But the nature of the test might be suitably amended in order to obviate or minimize the defects.
Thus, greater stress should be laid on the oral tests. It may be difficult to gauge the actual proficiency of a student from his written answer but in an interview for a quarter of an hour will soon convince the examiner as to his true caliber. Greater importance should be attached to class examinations. A student’s month-to-month record of progress ought to be taken into consideration on a semester system. The final assessment should depend on a consideration of effort on the part of the students on final or public examinations. The stress is more on systematic work all through the year. The reform might not be so very difficult to organize with the co-operation of all concerned.
By bharatwaj rao

Essay on River Water Pollution in India

'Holy rivers' has rather become a myth today. According to a report of the National Environment Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) all the fourteen big rivers of India are badly polluted. They cover 85 per cent of the surface flow of water in the country.
The main pollutant of river water is industrial waste. River Jamuna in Delhi receives 6000 kg of dissolved solids, 3000 kg of heavy metals and 200 kg of detergent every day. In its 48 km stretch around Delhi Yamuna gets polluted through 17 drains that bring toxics, acids and a number of chemicals that affect the health of the river and consequently of all those who depend on it for drinking and bathing water.
The Ganga starts getting polluted by chemicals from Rishikesh itself. It receives effluents from the Indian Drug and Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (IDPL) and Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. (BHEL). The flow of toxic effluents including chemicals, metallurgic deposits and fertilizers to river Periyar in Kerala is so great that the people living on its banks have a high incidence of skin diseases.
Cauvery and Kapila in Karnataka are so polluted that in a stretch of 10 km of the banks of Cauvery people suffer badly from skin diseases, boils and burning sensation. Cauvery receives industrial wastes from Tamil Nadu. The story of Godavari is no different. It receives 4,500 gallons of toxic waste everyday from Andhra Paper Mills alone. Plankton on which fish live has been dying in large numbers in the river. Similarly Hooghly and Damodar, receive untreated waste from coal washeries, pulp and paper mills, steel mills and chemical industries in Bengal.
Hooghly receives industrial wastes of 150 big factories including jute mills, textile mills, paper and pulp factories, distilleries and tanneries. Even the fish have been greatly contaminated causing bone diseases and arthritis among those who eat fish in the area. The waste of fertilizer plant and Indian Oil Corporation flowing into Mahi Sagar in Gujarat has killed fish, cattle and even elephants.
Human and animal excreta flow to all the rivers in India. As it is untreated it is responsible for almost all water borne diseases. Untreated sewage flows into the Jamuna in Delhi through 17 open drains. Chambal a Tributary of the Jamuna is the most polluted river in Rajasthan. The people between Rajpura and Nagda suffer from acute skin diseases because of water pollution.
Efforts have been made to remove the pollution of the Ganga through the efforts of Central Ganga Authority (CGA). No serious efforts have been made anywhere else. Three things are essential to let the rivers flow as pure as they were in the past.
All industries in the cities on the banks of rivers should, under strict vigilance, treat their effluents before the water flows to the river. Municipalities and Corporations should have treating centers for their drain water. These will provide energy besides supplying pure water to the rivers.
No government efforts can make the rivers unpolluted if the common man has no consciousness how to keep the rivers too unpolluted as he keeps his house neat and clean. Non Government Organizations (NGO) can play an important role in educating the people both in cities and the rural areas.

Essay on the probable secret of success

"Why, all men strive and who succeeds?" asks Browning. Every man wants to have success in life, but few are able to achieve it. Those who fail are in the habit of attributing their failure to bad luck, to unfavorable circumstances, to the hostility of enemies, to everything except their own defects and shortcomings. Yet if we study our own lives impartially, we will have to admit that our failures are mostly due to our personal defects and seldom to external circumstances. The age-old doctrine is that if we are able to know our own merits and demerits we should be able to correct our defects.
Self-confidence is essential for success "Self-trust", said Emer­sion, "is the first secret of success". We must have confidence in our capacity to triumph over all obstacles. Timidity and nervousness lead to hesitancy.
Another quality that goes hand in hand with self-confidence is the possession of a strong will and determination. If we have will, we will find the way to do a thing. We must summon all our powers, physical and mental, and bring them to bear on the performance of a work. It there is this single-minded devotion, success is bound to come.
Of course, success can come in those fields of life in which one's aptitudes find sufficient scope and one's ambition is related to one's powers and parts. Therefore, we must know how to choose our vocation, according to our taste and temperament, our capability. We must have pleasure in our work. Often failures in life come through a mistaken choice of life's vocation. If we are able to choose our career according to our natural inclinations, the chances of success are very bright.
Another important quality is to know and seize an opportunity when it comes our way. If we let opportunity pass, another may not come for years.
Man is the architect of his own destiny. A study of the lives of great men bears this out. Those who talk about destiny and the stare are only allowing external forces to get the better of us. The fact often is that most of us have not determination enough; the lives of most of us are full of hours spent in indolence, of opportunities wasted. Let us, therefore, if we want to succeed in life, fight with all our might against doctrines, which make us, lose self-confidence and destroy our initiative.
It is no use trying for the impossible. 'One must not hitch one's wagon to a star.' The impracticable is undesirable. Everything in the world is worth attempting, if it lies outside the reach of a man.

Funny Essay on Uninvited Guests

''Unbidden Guests are often welcome when they are gone."
—Shakespeare.
There were times when entertaining a guest was not as formal an affair as it is today. The best conception of hospitality in those days was:
"A stone jug, a pewter mug
And a table set for three."
The words occurring in the Old Testament, viz., "Be not for­getful to entertain strangers; for thereby some have entertained angels themselves," had a very valid application in those days. The ancient Indian concept of (Guests are gods) sums up the Eastern philosophy in respect of uninvited guests. The unlocked for and uninvited guest at that time was very often a wayfarer over­taken by the night and looking for shelter, to issue forth on his journey the next morning with fresh vigor after a night's rest and a little sharing of pot-luck under an honest man's roof. He did not look for or criticize the lack of social graces in his host and was grateful for whatever attention he could get from a person he might never have hoped to meet a second time in his life.
But entertaining in the formality ridden, largely urbanized society of to-day is an entirely different proposition. From being a moral duty, it has been converted into a social obligation or even a means of business-promotion. The stranger is, therefore, naturally excluded from the prevailing compass of hospitality. He does not fit into the picture. He is taken for an intruder, a trespasser. If he finds himself stranded in an unknown place at an inconvenient hour, the best he can do is to look for a public place like a hotel or a lodge where he can make himself as comfortable as his pocket would permit.
But even though the total strangers can no longer hope to enjoy the hospitality of a host to whom he has not been properly introduced, there is the uninvited guest who poses a peculiar pro­blem. More often than not, he is an acquaintance who cannot be unceremoniously thrown out, someone who unilaterally insists on resurrecting from the oblivion—of faded memories an old friend­ship which has almost dried up with the passage of time, a poet keen to unburden himself of the after-effects of a visitation of the Muse, or a poor relation who is not particularly welcome because of his unseasonable and irksome memory of the not-so-affluent past of the host, but with whom certain appearances have to be kept up. Sometimes it is a casual acquaintance who, out of sheer fellow-feeling, thinks nothing of dropping on you unawares, and may be, surprising you at some task requiring concentrated attention which you had deliberately left over to be attended to at leisure. Any of these types is enough to put maximum strain on the ingenuity and good grace of the host.
There are various situations particularly favorable for the un­invited guest and several ways in which he succeeds in foisting him­self upon an unwilling, though tongue-tied host. One place where you are most exposed to being frequently forced to have the pleasure of their company is a big city. Every day, all sorts of people from far and near converge on big cities for pleasure, on business or on trips combining both purposes, and a majority among them finds it more convenient (and cheaper) to put up for the duration of their stay-sometimes extending beyond a full week with friends or even with those who would not confess to more than a nodding acquaintance with the visitor.
As the host is preparing to leave for work, and trying to figure out to himself the chances of the nightly apparition vanish­ing as it came, the poor man is suddenly brought back to earth and its hard realities by a friendly thump on the back accompanied with an effusive compliment on his good habit of early rising; and even before the compliment has sunk-in, he is asked either to take a day off to take the visitor on a sight seeing trip (which is the least he may be expected to do) or to send back the car immedia­tely he has landed in office so that the 'uncle' can take out his 'dear' nephews and nieces for a nice outing which is the thing they have been missing for long.
Then there is the extra informal friend who, one fine evening, drops in with the grouse that it is ages since he has seen you and goes on to remake that he was beginning to wonder whether you were in this world at all any longer. While you are mumbling an apology, be has already made himself comfortable in your favorite chair and started taunting you about your absent-mindedness or stingi­ness in failing to offer your visitor tea etc. Meanwhile you are expected to keep your guest in good humor and high spirits by listening to the stories he has to retail. Gradually the evening wears off and by the time your guest has had his cup of tea, has told you for the hundredth time how much he enjoys spending an evening with you, and has advised you for the thousandth time not to allow yourself to become a recluse and to keep meeting friends as often as possible, you are already looking upon the evening as lost.
Perhaps the worst and the most despicable representative of the species is the distant relation who considers it his privilege to surprise you at any hour and as often as he chooses. He is most difficult to shake off and the most persistent of the lot. You have been through a particularly heavy day at the office and returning home at a late hour, are looking forward to shedding your worries in the relaxed and intimate atmosphere of a happy home but as you reach the door-step; you find the same air of formality which you have just left behind. You are told that so and so has been waiting for you at the dinner-table and that you should change and hurry up…......The whole picture” changes. But to keep-up appearances, you force an unwilling smile and go and greet him. Now, for the rest of the evening and may be for a few evenings more, you are almost cut-off from the family as the precious visitor will insist on having your exclusive attention all the time. You are nicely fixed up. Though the visitor may not be welcome to your respect or esteem, yet he has invited himself to your hospitality, and unless you are a person blessed with extraordinary nerve, you are in no position to show him the door.
These are only a few examples of the ‘modus operandi’ of un­bidden guests. While they last, they expect every courtesy that you would extend to a person whom you have properly invited and whom you look forward to meet. In case you can put-up with them with a cheerful voice, you are a good man. But in case your natural cheerfulness wears thin and you show the slightest irritation, you may be sure that your fame will spread as a stingy, haughty person whose heart is an island cut off from the rest of the work.